Lower and upper respiratory infections are the fourth highest cause of global mortality (Lozano et al., 2012). Epidemic and pandemic outbreaks of respiratory infection are a major medical concern, often causing considerable disease and a high death toll, typically over a relatively short period of time. Influenza is a major cause of epidemic and pandemic infection. Bacterial co/secondary infect...

Despite the putative endemic status of swine influenza A virus (swIAV) infections, data on the occurrence of swine influenza outbreaks are scarce in Brazil. The aim of this study was to detect and subtype swIAVs from six outbreaks of porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) in southern Brazil. Nasal swabs were collected from 66 piglets with signs of respiratory disease in six herds. Lung tiss...

Necrotizing fasciitis (NF) is an infrequently encountered skin infection that has high morbidity and mortality, even with prompt medical and surgical intervention. We describe the case of a 67-year-old male presenting with significant NF in his left lower extremity, despite aggressive surgical intervention, and included multiple surgical debridements, ACell Matrix, split-thickness, and negative...

The purpose of our experiment is to examine the level of anti-Haemophilus influenza polysaccharide antibody titer in the Korean population. Using ELISA, the level of Hib-PS antibodies in 384 infants and children who were all free from Hib invasive diseases, was tested. And the blood of 50 mothers within 24 hours of delivery and cord blood from their respective full-term neonates was also tested...

Sixty-three strains of Haemophilus species, 38 of which were beta-lactamase producers (37 H. influenzae type b, 1 H. parainfluenzae) and 25 of which were beta-lactamase negative (20 H. influenzae, 5 H. parainfluenzae), were tested for susceptibility to cefoxitin, moxalactam (LY127935) (Lilly), cefsulodin (CGP 7174 E, Ciba), and cefoperazone (T 1551, Pfizer). Cefsulodin was relatively inactive a...

Encapsulated Haemophilus influenzae type b produce nonencapsulated variants at high frequency (0.1-0.3%). Cosmid cloning was used to investigate the genetic mechanism responsible for this instability. Analysis of three independently derived cosmid clones showed that the b+ parental strain contains an 18-kilobase tandem duplication of genes involved in type b capsule expression. Loss of one comp...

The interaction between transformation and prophages of HP1c1, S2, and a defective phage of Haemophilus influenzae has been investigated by measurement of (i) the effect of prophage on transformation frequency and (ii) the effect of transformation on phage induction. The presence of any of the prophages does not appreciably alter transformation frequencies in various Rec(+) and Rec(-) strains. ...

Vaccine trials, the most informative way of determining the efficacy of a vaccine, can also provide valuable information about the burden of disease. The burden of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) remains a major barrier to the use of Hib vaccines, especially in Asia. Recent studies in Indonesia and Bangladesh have used vaccine-trial designs, with known effective vaccines, to estimate the va...

Introduction: Immunization is an effective public health intervention to reduce morbidity and mortality among infants. It important means of controlling diseases, has been considered the most cost-effective intervention. The Expanded Program on (EPI) was initiated by World Health Organization (WHO) in 1974. routine vaccination program for Egypt made against ten diseases. These include diphtheri...