a medium scale structural macroeconometric model is constructed to investigate the effects of energy price liberalization on the main macroeconomic variables. the analysis is conducted under 3 different scenarios of increasing the price of energy sources to the level prevailed in the countries of the persian gulf region. these 3 scenarios are a sudden increase, a gradual increase within a 5 yea...

Poorly cytopathic or noncytopathic viruses can escape immune surveillance and establish a chronic infection. Here we exploited the strategy of combining antiviral drug treatment with the induction of a neutralizing antibody response to avoid the appearance of neutralization-resistant virus variants. Despite the fact that H25 immunoglobulin transgenic mice infected with lymphocytic choriomeningi...

The performance of a mixed thermophilic and mesophilic starter culture consisting Streptococcus thermophilus ST1 the Greek indigenous nisin-A-producing Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris M78 was evaluated in absence (A: ST1+M78) or presence (B: ST1+M78+H25) Lactiplantibacillus plantarum H25—another ripening strain—under real cheesemaking conditions. Three pilot-scale trials fresh (6-day-old) Ga...

In the present study, we compared two strains of serotypes O88:H25 and O145:H45 with an enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) adherence factor-positive (EAF+) strain of the classic enteropathogenic E. coli serotype O111ab:H2 for their association with HeLa cells and with biopsies of human duodenal mucosa. Both strains not belonging to the classic EPEC serotype showed virulence properties sim...

Using panel data on investment of firms in energy saving technology, we measure the impact of the payback period of the technology on the probability to adopt the technology in the absence of tax and subsidy incentives. We find that the decision rules to adopt energy saving technology differs substantially between different types of firms, i.e. for-profit/notfor-profit as the decision to adopt ...

A recent empirical literature has arisen documenting the response of one nation’s policy choices, including tax, environmental, and labour policies, to those of others. This has been largely interpreted as evidence of competition, be it for mobile resources (like FDI, taxable book income, etc.) or yardstick. We present a third explanation based on learning. When countries’ tax choices reflect p...

In principle, a VAT should be neutral with regards to both the level and composition of exports. In practice, this may not be the case because exporters in many countries receive incomplete VAT refunds. When VAT refunds are incomplete, the exports of industries that rely heavily on intermediate goods are especially likely to be negatively a ected by a VAT. Motivated by these considerations, thi...