OBJECTIVE Thyroid eye disease (TED), an autoimmune inflammatory process involving the orbital tissues around the eye, is the most common extra-thyroidal manifestation of Graves' disease (GD). Due to changes in the patient's appearance, TED is a socially and visually disabling condition with significant impacts on quality of life. The aim of this study is to assess predictors of strabismus, a se...

Graves disease is the most common cause of thyrotoxicosis. Although medical intervention with antithyroid drugs (ATDs) is commonly the first choice of treatment in Korea, the remission rate associated with this approach is not satisfactory. During ATD therapy, low or undetectable serum levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor antibodies (TRAbs) have been reported to affect the incid...

Both Graves' disease and chronic thyroiditis (Hashimoto's thyroiditis) are autoimmune diseases of thyroid gland. Graves' disease is caused by stimulation of TSH receptor located on the thyroid gland by an antibody, which is known as TSH receptor antibody (TRAb). Furthermore, this may lead to hyperplasia and hyperfunction of the thyroid gland. On the contrary, the cause of Hashimoto's thyroiditi...

Cigarette smoking is the most important risk factor for the development or deterioration of Graves' ophthalmopathy. Smoke-induced increased generation of reactive oxygen species may be involved. However, it remains to be clarified how orbital fibroblasts are affected by cigarette smoking. Our study demonstrated that Graves' orbital fibroblasts have exaggerated response to cigarette smoke extrac...

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are highly reactive molecules as they contain unpaired electron(s). They are formed by different cellular processes are involved in intracellular signalling, and are tightly regulated. A large number of antioxidant systems act as protective mechanism. Situation in which balance between oxidants and antioxidants is disturbed in favour of the oxidants is termed ‘oxid...

yperthyroidism is a common endocrine disorder. A recent national survey found a prevalence of 0.5% in the general US population. The most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, which accounts for 80% to 90% of cases. Three treatment options currently are available for patients with Graves’ disease: radioiodine therapy, antithyroid drugs, and thyroidectomy. The clinician should choo...

Background Graves' hyperthyroidism affects 0.2% of pregnant women. Establishing the correct diagnosis and effectively managing Graves' hyperthyroidism in pregnancy remains a challenge for physicians. Main The goal of this paper is to review the diagnosis and management of Graves' hyperthyroidism in pregnancy. The paper will discuss preconception counseling, etiologies of hyperthyroidism, thyr...

An immunofluorescence study using unfixed cryostat sections of rat pituitary glands was carried out on sera from 34 patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, 28 patients with Graves' disease, 10 patients with thyroid adenoma and 50 healthy subjects. After absorption of sera with rat liver tissues, 19 of 34 patients retained reactivity to anterior pituitary cell antibodies (PCA, 55.8%). On the othe...

Very little is known about the microbiology of graves. We have taken the opportunity to investigate this subject by taking advantage of the unusual opportunity afforded by the experimental burial of pigs in a forensic experiment. Selected microbial characteristics of soils from the 0–15 and 15–30 cm depths of the graves of three pigs and of control soils have been determined 430 days after buri...