1. Four of the known components of wall preparations of vegative cells of Bacillus licheniformis N.C.T.C. 6346 have been isolated free of each other after successive treatments of the walls with trichloroacetic acid and lysozyme: (a) a mucopeptide consisting of glucosamine, muramic acid, alphain-diaminopimelic acid, glutamic acid and alanine in the molar proportions 1.0:0.8:1.0:1.2:1.7; (b) an ...

High energy demand driven by decreasing fossil fuels, and global warming because of the burning fuels necessitates utilization renewable clean energy. One these sources is biodiesel. The increasing trend biodiesel over last 20 years tends to result in glycerol (Gly), which produced during production 10% ratio (w/w) as a by-product. Using Gly raw material an alternative way produce bio-based new...

Deep eutectic solvent treatment to overcome lignocellulose resistance deconstruction has great potential for the production of biofuels and bioproducts. Most investigations have been focused on optimizing sugar yield from specific feedstocks. However, little is known about interaction between deep cellulose during pretreatment, post-treatment accessibility enzymes, lignin fractionation. We eval...

The addition of carbohydrate (CHO) in the form of simple sugars to creatine (Cr) supplements is central. The study aimed to determine whether ingestion of glucose (Glu) simultaneously with Cr and glycerol (Cr/Gly) supplement is detrimental to plasma lipids of endurance-trained individuals and find out whether modification arising can be attenuated by replacing part of the Glu with alpha lipoic ...

A design of experiments was adopted to assess the optimal conditions for methane production from the macroalgae Sargassum sp. co-digested with glycerol (Gly) and waste frying oil (WFO). Three variables were tested: % total solids of algae (%TSSargassumsp.), co-substrate concentration (gGly/WFOL(-1)), and co-substrate type (Gly or WFO). The biochemical methane potential (BMP) of Sargassum sp. wa...

Lipoteichoic acid is an important example of an amphiphile that appears to play a vital role in bacterial growth. A number of functions have been ascribed to this polymer. These include the regulation of autolytic enzymes, the binding of Mgz+ for enzyme function, and the assembly of wall polymers. One of the key components which has been proposed to modulate these functions is the substituent D...

The surveys of Cummins & Harris (1956, 1958) established that the cell walls of Gram-positive bacteria all contain the amino sugars glucosamine and muramic acid (3-O-a.-carboxyethylglucosamine) and the amino acids alanine, glutamic acid and either lysine or aci-diaminopimelic acid. In some species either glycine or aspartic acid was also present, whereas the other amino acids found in proteins ...

Monoacylglycerols (MAG) containing polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have been synthesized by glycerolysis of anchovy oil using Lipozyme RM-IM in a solvent-free system. The experimental conditions, reaction temperature, substrate molar ratio (glycerol/triacylglycerol, Gly/TAG) and enzyme concentration were studied. A response surface methodology was employed to analyze the effect individual va...