Data on stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for four or more metastases are limited. Existing studies are confounded by significant proportions of patients receiving prior whole-brain radiation therapy (WBRT) or concurrent WBRT with SRS. Furthermore, published results disagree about the impact of tumor volume on overall survival. A retrospective review identified 38 patients without prior intracran...

Increased hepatic glucose production (HGP) is the major cause of fasting hyperglycemia in all forms of diabetes. Glucokinase (GK) and glucose-6-phosphatase (Glc-6-Pase) are the proximal and the distal enzymatic steps, respectively, in the regulation of HGP. We examined the impact of changes in GK and Glc-6-Pase activities on in vivo hepatic glucose fluxes in diabetic (D) and control (C) rats. I...

Exercise training is highly correlated with the reduced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS), although it enhanced insulin sensitivity, glucose uptake and glucose transporter expression to reduce severity of diabetic symptoms. This study investigated the impact of short-term swimming exercise on insulin regulation in the Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rat as a non-obese model of non-insulin-dependen...

The availability of the Goto-Kakisaki (GK) rat model of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus prompted us to test the effect of a limited period of undernutrition in previously diabetic young rats on their insulin secretion and insulin action during adult age. Four-week-old female GK rats were either food restricted (35% restriction, 15% protein diet) or protein and energy restricted (35% res...

Based on the comorbidity of diabetes, depression, and dementia and recognizing that a deficiency of the nerve growth factor (NGF) is involved in all of these kinds of pathologies, we studied the effect of the mimetic of dimeric dipeptide NGF loop 4, GK-2, on a model of streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetes in C57Bl/6 mice. GK-2 [hexamethylenediamide bis-(N-monosuccinyl-glutamyl-lysine)] was sy...

The Hodgkin and Huxley (HH) model predicts sustained repetitive firing of nerve action potentials for a suprathreshold depolarizing current pulse for as long as the pulse is applied (type 2 excitability). Squid giant axons, the preparation for which the model was intended, fire only once at the beginning of the pulse (type 3 behaviour). This discrepancy between the theory and experiments can be...

Cardiovascular disease risk and all-cause mortality are largely predicted by physical fitness. Exercise stimulates vascular mitochondrial biogenesis through endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), sirtuins, and PPARγ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α), a response absent in diabetes and hypertension. We hypothesized that an agent regulating eNOS in the context of diabetes could reconstitute exercise-medi...

The brain contains a subpopulation of glucosensing neurons that alter their firing rate in response to elevated glucose concentrations. In pancreatic beta-cells, glucokinase (GK), the rate-limiting enzyme in glycolysis, mediates glucose-induced insulin release by regulating intracellular ATP production. A similar role for GK is proposed to underlie neuronal glucosensing. Via in situ hybridizati...

PURPOSE Whole brain irradiation (WBRT) either with or without resection has historically been the treatment for brain metastases from non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The effect of gamma knife (GK) radiosurgery, chemotherapy, or the combination remains incompletely defined. In this study, we assessed the outcome of brain metastases from non-small cell lung cancer treated by WBRT followed by ...