We evaluate the effect of genotyping errors on the type-I error of a general association test based on genotypes, showing that, in the presence of errors in the case and control samples, the test statistic asymptotically follows a scaled non-central $\chi ^2$ distribution. We give explicit formulae for the scaling factor and non-centrality parameter for the symmetric allele-based genotyping err...

results of 1818 hcv rna positive samples, hcv genotypes pcr fragments were detected in 1552 (85.5%) samples. hcv genotype 3a was the predominant genotype (39.4%) followed by genotype 2a (24.93%). hcv genotype 3 was the predominant genotype in punjab and sindh regions, while genotype 2 was the most predominant genotype in khyber pakhtunkhwa region and the second predominant genotype after genoty...

Melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) gene has been known as a candidate gene for growth traits in livestock. This research was aimed to identify the polymorphism of MC4R gene and its association with growth traits in Sumba Ongole (SO) cattle. The growth traits data consist of body weight and body size. Eighty four blood samples were collected and used for DNA isolation. The...

  Background: Cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19) is important in metabolism of wide range of drugs. CYP2C19*17 is a novel variant allele which increases gene transcription and therefore results in ultra-rapid metabolizer phenotype (URM). Distribution of this variant allele has not been well studied worldwide. The aim of present study was to investigate allele and genotype frequencies of CYP2C19*17 ...

background chronic hepatitis b virus (hbv) infection is a multifactorial disease that can result in serious clinical complications. host genetic background especially the genes that encode immunologic factors like inf-γ and its receptor (ifn-γ r) are critical in the pathogenesis of infection. materials and methods genomic dna from peripheral blood samples of 200 chronically hbv infected patient...

Human sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) level alteration and SHBG gene mutations, especially in rs6259 and rs727428 loci, are associated with male infertility. In this study, the rs6259 and rs727428 loci in SHBG gene were detected by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) to explore the direct relation between these 2 loci and male infertility in Han pop...

Background and Objective: Ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1) is a class II membrane glycoprotein that binds to insulin α receptor and can interfere in insulin signaling pathway. Transcription factor-7-like 2 (TCF7L2) is a transcription factor which plays a critical role in pancreatic β cell activity. ENPP1 and TCF7L2 gene polymorphisms may have functional role in suscep...

BACKGROUND Heredity and environmental exposures may contribute to a predisposition to allergic rhinitis (AR). Autoimmunity may also involve into this pathologic process. FCRL3 (Fc receptor-like 3 gene), a novel immunoregulatory gene, has recently been reported to play a role in autoimmune diseases. OBJECTIVE This study was performed to evaluate the potential association of FCRL3 polymorphisms...

The present study was aimed to examine the association of bovine follicular stimulating hormone gene polymorphism with sperm quality traits including sperm volume (SV), sperm concentration (SPCO), total sperm (TS), fresh sperm motility (FSM), total fresh motile sperm (TFMS), post thaw sperm motility (PTSM), total post thaw motile sperm (TPTMS), number of produced payout (NPP), number of fresh m...