This paper introduces a coevolutionary approach to genetic algorithms (GAs) for exploring not only wihtin a part of the solution space defined by the genotype-phenotype map but also the map itself. In canonical GAs with the fixed map, how large area of the solution space can be covered by possible genomes and consequently how better solutions can be found by a GA rely on how well the genotypeph...

1. Abstract Genetic algorithms (GAs) have been widely proposed as an effective optimization tool for dealing with the noisy objective functions that arise in many practical problems. Although quite a few studies have examined GAs in noisy environments using either numerical or other theoretical methods, Markov chain analysis has not been conducted to investigate them (Markov chain analysis has ...

The exact analytical solution for the compressible two-dimensional gas flow in the microbearing is presented. The general slip-corrected Reynolds lubrication equation is derived and it is shown that it possesses an exact analytical solution. It is obtained by a suitable transformation of the independent variable, and it provides the pressure distribution in the bearing as well as the mass flow ...

The utilization of SCFs for the processing of several products has attracted considerable interest in recent years as an emerging “green” technology. Particle formation using SCFs can be carried out according to several different techniques, including antisolvent techniques such as the gas-antisolvent (GAS) process. The potential advantages of the GAS crystallization process lies in the possibi...

Nucleic acid higher order structure is of intense interest in antisense and antigene strategies toward novel chemotherapeutic agents. Understanding how structural characteristics affect solution-phase properties is essential for a rational approach to nucleic acid-targeted drug design. The most dominant nucleic acid secondary structure is the hairpin, formed by intrastrand hydrogen bonding betw...

Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) is involved in important metabolic reactions where the biological function is intrinsically related to changes in conformation. In the present work, FAD conformational changes were studied in solution and in gas phase by measuring the fluorescence decay time and ion-neutral collision cross sections (CCS, in a trapped ion mobility spectrometer, TIMS) as a functi...

Stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) tests were conducted in the near-neutral pH standard solution, NS4, and in an actual soil solution, using four-point bending at a high stress ratio and low frequency conditions very similar to those of operational pipelines. Pitting incubation appeared first and then pitting initiated and grew in both solutions although there were many more pits on the specimen t...