Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), a pleiotropic cytokine mainly produced by activated macrophages, modulates a wide range of biological functions in multiple tissues and organs. Besides its effects on tumor cell death, TNF is a key mediator of both acute and chronic inflammation. Since the description of TNF in the 1970s and through consideration of structural homologies, a total of 19 TNF-related c...

Photothermal therapy (PTT) has shown promising applications in tumor therapies. However, due to laser-induced nonspecific heating and heat diffusion, high levels of hyperthermia (>50°C) tissues often increase the risk cancer recurrence metastasis, which causes patient pain destroys surrounding normal cells tissues. It is therefore important develop photothermal strategies that have excellent th...