The problem on study of the active and toxic constituents of Chinese materia medica is the core of the problems in the field of modern research of Chinese materia medica. But approved methods for ascertaining the active and toxic constituents in Chinese materia medica have not been developed yet and are in developing phases. In combination with the characteristics of Chinese materia medica in c...

Biotransformation is the major clearance mechanism of therapeutic agents from the body. Biotransformation is known not only to facilitate the elimination of drugs by changing the molecular structure to more hydrophilic, but also lead to pharmacological inactivation of therapeutic compounds. However, in some cases, the biotransformation of drugs can lead to the generation of pharmacologically ac...

The aim of the present study is to investigate the influence of the environmental factors, smoking and alcohol, on the biotransformation of cyclophosphamide (CP) in the rat in vivo and in vitro with S9 liver fractions. The biotransformation of CP was studied by the determination of the CP metabolites, nor-nitrogen mustard (NNM), 4-ketocyclophosphamide (KCP), and carboxyphosphamide (CAR). The ef...

The program PASS-BioTransfo is presented, which is capable of predicting many classes of biotransformation for chemical compounds. A particular class of biotransformation is defined by the chemical transformation type and may additionally include the name of the enzyme involved in a transformation. An evaluation of the approach is presented, using biotransformations taken from the databases Met...

Certain microbes can transform antibiotics in the environment. However, little is known about the identity of these microbes and their antibiotic biotransformation processes. The objectives of this study were to (1) isolate bacterial strains capable of transforming antibiotics, (2) determine the biotransformation kinetics of antibiotics, (3) characterize the effects of background carbons on the...

Toxicokinetic (TK) models refer to the process of contaminant bioaccumulation as a balance between rate uptake from different sources (e.g., water or food), and elimination via processes such excretion, growth and/or biotransformation. Biotransformation can considerably modify fate chemicals in an organism, especially their bioavailability, residence time, toxicity. Invertebrate generally negle...

Dyes are the most difficult constituents to remove by conventional biological wastewater treatment. Colored wastewater is mainly eliminated by physical and chemical procedures, which are very expensive and have drawbacks. Therefore, the advantage of using biological processes, such as the biotransformation of dyes, is that they may lead to complete mineralization or formation of less toxic prod...

Fungal and bacterial microbes are known to mimic mammalian cytochrome P450 metabolism. Traditionally, microbial biotransformation screening and small scale-ups (<1 liter) are performed in shake-flask reactors. An alternative approach is the use of hollow fiber cartridge (HFC) reactors. The performance of HFC reactors is compared with shake-flask reactors using diclofenac as a model substrate. A...

Mycoestrogen zearalenone (ZEA) is found in human foods and animal feeds. Its estrogenic potencymainly depends on its biotransformation fate. The hepatic biotransformation of ZEA in rainbow trout wasinvestigated in this study. Various concentrations of ZEA were separately incubated with the hepaticmicrosomal and post-mitochondrial sub-fractions in the presence of NADPH, and the metabolites wered...

         Cell cultures of Varthemia persica DC. have been studied to evaluate their abilities in biotransformation of aromatic and aliphatic precursors. V. Persica (Asteraceae) is an aromatic plant growing in Iran. V. persica contain different terpens but its cell culture does not posses these compounds. Callus cultures of V. persica was established ...