The influence of various waste mixtures on the combustion process in a grate furnace was investigated at the test plant TAMARA. Measurements were carried out inside the combustion chamber by monitoring temperatures and sampling gaseous combustion products and heavy metals. The data were verified by element and energy bal­ ances. The different fuel fractions influence the combustion process by p...

Waste incineration fly ash was successfully recycled to calcium phosphate hydrogel, a type of fast proton conductor. The crystallized hydrogel from incineration fly ash had a lower electric conductivity and a lower crystallinity than that from calcium carbonate reagent. However, the difference in electric conductivity between these crystallized hydrogels decreases with temperature. This was due...

The lower flammability limit (LFL) of a fuel is the minimum composition in air over which a flame can propagate. Calculated adiabatic flame temperatures (CAFT) are a powerful tool to estimate the LFL of gas mixtures. Different CAFT values are used for the estimation of LFL. SuperChems is used by industry to perform flammability calculations under different initial conditions which depends on th...

Laser induced fluorescence is used to develop a 2D measurement technique for mixture formation analysis of fuel and air in a broad temperature regime from 398 K up to 548 K. The measurement principle is called FARLIF (fuel-air ratio by laser-induced fluorescence). Its application is tested on the tracer toluene in the non-fluorescent model fuel isooctane as well as on an auto-fluorescing nearst...

NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, o...

Values of some characteristic parameters of confined explosions for LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas)-air quiescent mixtures are examined in correlation with the initial pressure of fuel-air mixture and fuel/air ratio. The explosion pressures, the explosion times and the maximum rates of pressure rise were obtained from experiments made at ambient initial temperature in two closed vessels with cent...

The auto-ignition of toluene and n-heptane as model fuels for Diesel fuel components have been studied in a highpressure shock tube under engine-relevant conditions. Toluene/air and n-heptane/air mixtures as well as toluene/nheptane/air (10/90% and 40/60% by volume) have been investigated over a wide temperature range (700 – 1200 K), = 1.0 and 0.5 and 40 bar behind reflected shock waves. A kine...

Doped Bi-based oxides were investigated as potential anode materials for direct hydrocarbon solid oxide fuel cells ~SOFCs! at intermediate temperatures. (Bi2O3)0.85(Ta2O5)0.15 met this criterion most successfully. A fraction of Bi2O3 in this material was reduced to BiO and Bi metal under fuel conditions, which yielded high conductivities ~,1 S cm! based on oxide ions and electrons above 500°C. ...

Properties of biomass relevant to combustion are briefly reviewed. The compositions of biomass among fuel types are variable, especially with respect to inorganic constituents important to the critical problems of fouling and slagging. Alkali and alkaline earth metals, in combination with other fuel elements such as silica and sulfur, and facilitated by the presence of chlorine, are responsible...