A prescaler is widely used in frequency synthesizers in order to handle channel selection. The division ratio has to be chosen carefully to achieve the desired frequency. In this paper, we present a 6 modulus prescaler in a 0.18 μm SiGe BiCMOS technology. The prescaler is part of a 60 GHz frequency synthesizer. In addition, we present a frequency planning for the 60 GHz frequency synthesizer. T...

This paper presents a novel three-point modulation technique for fractional-N frequency synthesizer applications. Convention modulated fractional-N frequency synthesizers suffer from quantization noise, which degrades not only the phase noise performance but also the modulation quality. To solve this problem, this work proposes a three-point modulation technique, which not only cancels the quan...

The following two contributions in this volume are highlighting some remarkable recent developments at the interface between precision laser spectroscopy and ultrafast laser physics. After decades of struggle, we have finally found a practical method for measuring the frequency of light with extreme precision [1]. Femtosecond laser optical frequency comb synthesizers are opening exciting new pe...

The ability of a frequency comb from a femtosecond mode-locked laser to faithfully reproduce the properties of optical oscillators at microwave frequencies is examined. The fractional frequency instability of the femtosecond comb microwave synthesizer is 2 x 10/τ, and could improve by at least a factor of 10 upon elimination of excess photodetection noise. Phase-noise levels are also examined. ...

In this paper, Frequency divider by 2 circuit using D-flip-flop is done, based upon this a4/5 prescaler, 16/17 prescaler,32/33 prescalerareverified. Along with it the design of wide band multimodulus 320/321prescaler.CMOS single phase clock pre-scalar,wideband single phase clock 2/3 pre-scaler are also designed. A dynamic logic multiband flexible integer-N divider is designed which uses the wid...

Instead of attacking inductive inference problems in piecemeal fashion, one might hope to write a program that synthesizes successful inductive inference machines from input problem descriptions. Such synthesizers might be conceived as accepting information from the user about the nature of the problem to be solved. The present paper examines alternative design specifications for synthesizers o...

D igital sound synthesis is celebrating its 50th birthday in 2007: It was first tested at the Bell Labs by Max Mathews and his colleagues in 1957, but it took quite some time before the technology was ready for the market. Digital music synthesizers were commercialized about 20 years later starting at the end of 1970s. In the mid 1980s, digital synthesizers became popular, when the musical inst...

The performance of newer generations of ultra high stability atomic frequency standards based on laser cooled atoms and ions appears to be limited by the local oscillator and the microwave synthesis chain. To improve this performance, the design considerations of microwave synthesizers for Cs hyperfine clock transition at 9.192 GHz that emphasize high resolution, low phase modulation (PM) and a...

The frequency reference oscillator is a pivotal block in modern radio transceivers. Currently, modern transceivers rely on off-chip low frequency (<100MHz) quartz crystal reference oscillators [1]. Silicon micromechanical oscillators are suitable alternative to quartz crystal oscillators due to their small form-factor, higher frequency, and integration potential with ICs [2]-[4]. In multi-gigah...