Temperate savannas and grasslands maintained by frequent, low-intensity disturbances such as fire contain among the most species-rich plant communities in world. Precisely how these maintain high fine-scale diversity is poorly understood. This study examined effects of frequency simulated (clipping combined with litter removal) relative importance recruitment survival on species trait compositi...

One of the main disadvantages of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is its high peak-toaverage power ratio (PAPR). As the simplest approach to reducing the PAPR, Clipping based Active Contellation Extension (CB-ACE) exhibits good practicability, and the repeated clipping-and-filtering (RCF) algorithm proposed by Jean Armstrong provides a good performance in PAPR reduction and out...

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE Changes in pulmonary function commonly occur after general surgery. The aims were to evaluate vital capacity, tidal volume and respiratory frequency among patients undergoing elective craniotomy and to determine possible correlations of these parameters with surgery duration and etiology for neurosurgery. DESIGN AND SETTING Prospective, open study at a tertiary universit...

Compression and noncompression amplification were compared for a range of conditions. The noncompression conditions included flat-frequency response and "LDL frequency response," with and without peak clipping. The compression conditions included a single-band compression system and two combinations of a two-channel compression system. The LDL frequency response was obtained by finding the LDL ...

conclusions although propofol remains a standard agent for such types of surgeries, lidocaine proved equally effective and coupled with its low cost, minimal side effects and omission of other hypnotic agents was a plausible induction agent and a maintenance drug in the selected cases. case presentation lidocaine was applied as the sole anaesthetic for induction and maintenance during aneurysm ...

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) has been adopted for several wireless network standards due to its robustness against multipath fading. Main drawback of OFDM is its high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) that causes a signal degradation in a peak-limiting (e.g., clipping) channel leading to a higher bit error rate (BER). At the receiver end, the effect of peak limitation can ...

In order to enhance spectral efficiency an orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) based system is operated in a frequency band already in use by a licensed system. When transmitting an OFDM signal in the spectral gaps left by the licensed system, the OFDM system is exposed to severe interference, in the considered example characterised by short but strong Gaussian shaped pulses. Well...