Little is known about the three-dimensional characteristics of vestibulocollic reflexes during natural locomotion. Here we determined how well head stability is maintained by the angular and linear vestibulocollic reflexes (aVCR, lVCR) during quadrupedal locomotion in rhesus and cynomolgus monkeys. Animals walked on a treadmill at velocities of 0.4-1.25 m/s. Head rotations were represented by E...

In addition to forward undulatory swimming, eels (and some other elongated swimmers) can swim backwards in a similar way. We compared the kinematics (wave speed, cycle frequency, amplitude, local bending and estimated muscle strain) of forward and backward swimming in the European eel Anguilla anguilla. Both swimming modes are characterised by a wave of undulation that travels over the body in ...

OBJECTIVES The objective of this study is to examine the effectiveness of the active head restraint system in reducing neck injury risk of car occupants in low-speed rear impacts. METHODS A human body FE model "THUMS" was used to simulate head and neck kinematics of the occupant and to evaluate loading to the neck. Joint capsule strain was calculated to predict neck injury risk as well as NIC...