introduction: the role of midbrain reticular formation, which includes the nucleus cuneiformis (ncf), as a crucial antinociceptive region in descending pain modulation has long been investigated. in this study, we tried to highlight the role of ncf in morphine-induced antinociception in formalin-induced pain model in rats. methods: a total of 201 male wistar rats weighing 260-310 g were used in...

Vitamin B12 modulates pain at the local and peripheral levels. This study has investigated the effects of intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of vitamin B12 on themuscle pain. We used diclofenac (cyclooxygenase inhibitor) and naloxone (opioid receptors antagonist) to clarify the possible mechanisms. For ICV injections, a guide cannula was implanted in the left lateral ...

abstractprevious studies have shown the role of opioid receptors located in the nucleus cuneiformis (cnf) in acute pain, but not in chronic pain models. in the present study, we have determined that possible effects of these receptors at the cnf on both early and late phases of formalin test following local and systemic morphine administration. each rat was given a subcutaneous 50-μl injection ...

Anti-inflammatory effects of acetonic and methanolic extracts of aerial parts of Stachys byzanthina were investigated in this study. For assessment of anti-inflammatory properties, two well-characterized inflammatory models, formalin test and carrageenan-induced paw edema were used. In the former, the recording of the early phase started immediately after formalin injection and lasted for 10 mi...

BACKGROUND Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) is a potent lipid mediator of inflammation, and its biological effects are mediated primarily through the high affinity LTB4 receptor BLT1. Although numerous studies have reported that LTB4-BLT1 signaling is involved in inflammatory diseases, the role of BLT1 signaling in pain remains undefined. To clarify the role of LTB4-BLT1 signaling in acute inflammatory pa...

The involvement of supraspinal alpha-adrenergic receptors in tonic pain was assessed in formalin-induced pain in rats. The alpha2 adrenoceptor agonist clonidine, along with yohimbine and prazosin, α2 and α1 receptor antagonists, were introduced intracerebroventrically (icv) and/or systemically in different doses. The data show that 1) clonidine exerts an alpha adrenergic analgesic effect, ...

The role of mu-opioid receptors (MORs) in the inflammatory pain processing mechanisms within the ventrobasal complex of the thalamus (VB) is not well understood. This study investigated the effect of modulating MOR activity upon nociception, by stereotaxically injecting specific ligands in the VB. Nociceptive behaviour was evaluated in two established animal models of inflammatory pain, by usin...

introduction: 17&beta-estradiol; modulates nociception by binding to the estrogenic receptors and also by allosteric interaction with other membrane-bound receptors like glutamate and gabaa receptors. in addition to its autonomic functions, paragigantocellularis lateralis (lpgi) is involved in the pain modulation, too. the aim of the current study was to investigate the involvement of the membr...