introduction: cutaneous leishmaniasis is a parasitological disease that is spread in many tropical and subtropical areas in world. this disease transmitted by female sand flies. it is clear that knowledge on sand flies ecology has the main role to planning of control of cl. this study was carried out for determination of cl vectors, in ghanavat district in qom province during 2012. material and...

Many pollinator insects, especially honey bees [ Apis mellifera Linnaeus (Apidae)] and wild bees, are experiencing population decline because of forage habitat losses. Planting perennial flowering taxa is one method increasing habitat. The objectives this study were to evaluate the potential 27 native species ornamental cultivars determine their ability attract insect pollinators in a rural an ...

background: sand fly saliva helps parasite establishment and induce immune responses in vertebrate hosts. in the current study, we investigated the modulation of phlebotomus papatasi salivary gland antigen expression by sea­sonal and biological factors. methods: sand flies were grouped according to physiological stages such as unfed, fed, semi-gravid, gravid, parous, nulliparous, infected or no...

Disturbances can facilitate the spread of exotic plants, which establish mutualisms with bees, constituting invader complexes. However, a disturbance-mediated increase in flower resources also promote native floral visitors due to fact that plant-pollinator interactions are generalist. We experimentally tested these ideas northern Patagonian woodlands. In three sites, we examined effect harvest...