Cold-formed steel roof truss systems that use complex stiffener patterns in existing hat shape members for both top and bottom chord elements are a growing trend in the North American steel framing industry. When designing cold-formed steel sections, a structural engineer typically tries to improve the local buckling behavior of the cold-formed steel elements. The complex hat shape has proved t...

Beams made of ultrahigh-performance concrete (UHPC), a fiber-reinforced with high compressive strength and tensile strain-hardening characteristics, exhibit flexural behaviors that are different than those traditionally associated steel-reinforced conventional beams. These necessitate the development new predictive design tools reflect effect material-level properties on behavior. The research ...