This paper aims to develop a novel method, i.e., sol-gel combined with layer-by-layer assembly technology, to impart flame retardancy on polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fabrics. Silica-sol was synthesized via the sol-gel process and acted as cationic solution, and phytic acid (PA) was used as the anionic medium. Flame-retardant-treated PAN fabric (FR-PAN) could achieve excellent flame retardancy with 1...

Preface In 2005 Norway nominated the brominated flame retardant commercial pentabromodiphenylether (c-PentaBDE) as a persistant organic pollutant (POP) to be evaluated for inclusion in the Stockholm Convention. Based on its Risk Profile developed in 2006 and its Risk Management Evaluation Report developed in 2007, the POPs Review Committee (POPRC) concluded that global action on c-PentaBDE is w...

A pulsed plasma source is used to stabilize lean premixed methane flames. Nitric oxide (NO) production is measured using probe sampling and chemiluminescence analysis. While the discharge is a potential source of NO, it is observed that the flame also consumes some NO. The NO production in the flame is modeled by use of a modified opposed diffusion flame simulation (OPPDIF), augmented by the in...

The stabilisation of a lifted flame issuing in a vitiated co-flow has been studied both experimentally and numerically with the objective of resolving whether the dominant mechanism is due to auto-ignition or to premixed flame propagation. A key parameter used in both studies is the lift-off height, LH defined at the first location of occurrence of heat release downstream of jet exit plane. Exp...

The present work addresses unsteady flame dynamics in a lean-premixed swirl-stabilized combustor, with attention focused on the transition of flame structure from a stable to an unstable state. It was found that the inlet temperature and equivalence ratio are the two most important variables determining the stability characteristics of the combustor. A slight increase in the inlet mixture tempe...

The mechanism of flame propagation in fuel beds of wildland fires is important to understand in order to quantify fire spread rates. Fires spread by radiative and convective heating and often require direct flame contact to achieve ignition. The flame interface in an advancing fire is unsteady and turbulent, making study of intermittent flames in complex fuels difficult. A vertical wall fire, i...

polybrominated diphenyl ethers as flame retardants prevent the branching mechanism of free radicals in gas phase during the combustion. therefore, they are used in electric and electronical instruments. these supplies are entering the landfills after use. the existing flame retardants in these landfills enter the air, water and soil and pollute them. in this paper a mass-transfer model is devel...

A water mist jet for a steam generator of direct contact with a diffusion flame is numerically analyzed in this paper. Numerical simulation is conducted for an 8 Lug-Bolt array in a confined system. The diffusion flame is modelled in the Eulerian Eulerian multiphase approach where the reaction species are oxygen which is injected by a 16.9 mm central nozzle, methane by four peripheral 5.86 mm n...

An extension to the level set flamelet model of Peters [1] for premixed turbulent combustion that takes the effects of cold ambient air entrainment into account is presented. The model is valid in the flamelet regime, where the reaction zone thickness is smaller than the Kolmogorov length scale. The inner structure of the instantaneous flame front is taken into account by a presumed pdf approac...

Detailed understanding of turbulent combustion in liquid rocket engines (LRE) requires an ability to predict the coupling between the transient features, acoustics, vortex/shear layer dynamics and the unsteady combustion heat release. Conventional and ad hoc models that mimic or match one set of conditions but fail in another test case cannot be used for reliable predictions. This paper present...