Artisanal: fisheries that are small scale and subsistence in nature, in contrast to industrial. Artisanal fishing effort is often unmonitored by regional fishery commissions. Bycatch: the incidental take of undesirable size or age classes of the target species (e.g. juveniles or large females), or to the incidental take of other nontarget species. Individuals caught as bycatch can be unharmed, ...

The rainforests are the great green heart of Africa, and present a unique combination of ecological, climatic and human interactions. In this synthesis paper, we review the past and present state processes of change in African rainforests, and explore the challenges and opportunities for maintaining a viable future for these biomes. We draw in particular on the insights and new analyses emergin...

Public wildlife management in the United States is transforming as agencies seek relevancy to broader constituencies. State States, while tasked with conserving for all beneficiaries of trust, have tended manage a limited range benefits part due narrow funding model heavily dependent on hunting, fishing, and trapping license buyers. To best meet needs, interests, concerns suite beneficiaries, w...

Game wardens are specialized law enforcement officers responsible for enforcing hunting and fishing laws designed to protect wildlife resources. While performing their duties they encounter a variety of wrongdoers that range from first time offenders those who chronic violators the law. Little research exists on use discretion by officers, or attitudes toward offenders. This study took qualitat...

This work examines the patterns of animal exploitation to reveal information subsistence base Chalcolithic settlers Gulpinar in Northwestern Anatolia. The prehistoric site Gulpinar, located beneath remains Graeco-Roman sanctuary Apollo Smintheus (Smintheion), has lately contributed much our understanding period particularly western Anatolian littoral. Zooarchaeological evidence from Level II re...

this article is investigating the town and country planning in austria. although according to new definitions spatial planning in austria has been started during fifties and sixties of the twentieth century, the issue has been set seriously on the l?nder's agenda of planning as the main authorities since establishing austrian conference on regional planning (?rok) in 1971.the programs impl...

Terrestrial and marine wildlife populations have been severely reduced by hunting, fishing and habitat destruction, especially in the last centuries. Although management regulations have led to the recovery of some populations, the underlying processes are not always well understood. This study uses a 40-year time series of counts of harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) in the Wadden Sea to study the...

OBJECTIVES Infectious disease and nutritional stress have both been associated with reductions in adult work productivity and work capacity in the context of wage labor, but less research has investigated their effects among groups relying on more traditional subsistence practices of horticulture and foraging. In this article, we examine the relations among measures of adult nutritional status ...

Pollution Issues, both issued in 1997, which detailed the unique environmental and health problems facing the Arctic's ecology and populations [see EHP 106:A64-A69 (1998)]. This past May, health and environmental officials, research scientists, medical providers, leaders of indigenous communities, and concerned Arctic citizens met in Anchorage, Alaska, to explore these issues at the Internation...

Abstract The rapid increase in marine shipping activity Inuit Nunangat (i.e. settled land claim regions of Arctic Canada), propelled by climate change and international interest maritime trade, has heightened concerns among communities about the risks that more ships could pose for sustainable subsistence hunting, fishing, gathering (berries, plants, eggs, etc.) (referred to as harvesting this ...