The physical demands of rapid and economical running differ from those of physical fighting such that functional trade-offs may prevent simultaneous evolution of optimal performance in both behaviours. Here we test three hypotheses of functional trade-off by measuring determinants of limb musculoskeletal function in two breeds of domestic dogs that have undergone intense artificial selection fo...

This paper proposes an optimization algorithm based on how human fight and learn from each duelist. Since this algorithm is based on population, the proposed algorithm starts with an initial set of duelists. The duel is to determine the winner and loser. The loser learns from the winner, while the winner try their new skill or technique that may improve their fighting capabilities. A few duelis...

This study surveyed 28 athletes competing at a regional mixed martial arts (MMA) event. The survey attempted to gather information regarding overall training volume, supplement use, and specific exercises used. The survey return rate was 100% (28/28). Twenty-five out of the 28 athletes supplemented their training with strength training. Overall frequency of strength training sessions/week range...

Levels of three adrenal catecholamine synthesizing enzymes and isolation-induced fighting behavior were studied in two related sublines of the Balb/c inbred mouse strain. Enzyme levels were twice as high in the adrenals of Balb/cJ mice as in those of the Balb/cN mice; heterozygous progeny were intermediate between their parents in the levels of the three enzymes. These sublines also showed mark...

Infrared radiation is a type of electromagnetic radiation and invisible to human eyes. It is used widely in industrial, scientific, and medical applications. Pool fire is an emergent accident, which emits intense thermal radiation. In order to quantify the performance of water curtain fighting fire, a testing platform is built and experimental studies are carried out. An infrared imager is used...

This study investigated the effects of nesting status and the presence of an audience on 11-ketotestosterone (11KT) levels in male Siamese fighting fish, Betta splendens. Prior studies have demonstrated that both nesting status, an indicator of territory-holding power and reproductive state, and the sex of a conspecific audience lead to differences in male behavior during aggressive encounters....

Violent political conflicts dominate in the global mass media sending almost every day. It is a matter of the new terrorist related conflicts that have become so conspicuous in the 21st century. How are we to understand the new pattern of political conflicts involving the massive and indiscriminate employment of terrorist attacks? To reply to this question, one may contrast the new pattern of f...

effects of oral administration of testosterone and fluoxetine exposure on aggressive behavior of the fighting fish, betta splendens , were investigated. testosterone diluted in ethanol and sprayed on pre-weighted pellet to achieve concentrations of 0, 1, 2 and 4 mg/kg of hormone in food. two main behaviors were recorded: the time in front of mirror and duration of the gill flaring using a mirro...