The history of architecture is not only the past. invisible presence absence – «imprints», «traces» disappeared cultures past civilizations, allow us to better understand our present. genesis development during formation feudalism and historical environment in which a peculiar fortified castles was formed, reflecting peculiarities worldview, local conditions tasks fortification, subject object ...

The discussion on Chinese cultural heritage started to emerge as a result of inspiration coming from foreign travels scholars-officials and protective measures against looting artifacts in the 19th 20th centuries. most spectacular robberies were carried out by Anglo-French forces Old Summer Palace (Yuanming Yuan) during Second Opium War 1860. That event became one cornerstones “century humiliat...

This paper looks at the historical evolution of the relationship between an economy's structure and the corresponding political system, starting from feudal times. We show why, in an early agricultural phase, aristocratic political systems prevail, while democracies tend to emerge with the industrial phase, while at the same time the legal system regulating the intergenerational transfers of pr...

The Christian-Muslim frontier frequently acted as a barrier that separated religions, cultures, and societies from one another. But it was a permeable barrier in that ideas, commodities, and technology often passed through it. To demonstrate the precise mechanism of that permeability can be difficult to do. As Lynn White has remarked: ‘‘No medieval text documents with explicit words the amazing...

To formalize the intuition presented in Section 4 using a simple framework, suppose that a perfectly myopic, risk-neutral sovereign imperfectly controls a polity that creates output of size one each period. Denote by γ the amount of land controlled by the military regardless of the actions of the sovereign (this can be interpreted as the percentage of the entire polity controlled by the militar...

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The process of centralization from the 16 century strengthened absolutism in France and by the early 18 century the French monarchy under Louis XIV became the model of centralized absolutism based on feudal social structures. Since the 17 century, tensions were mounting between centralizing and decentralizing pressures. The French Revolution brought about a complete destruction of the feudal or...

Globally, the COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated adoption of technocratic near-real-time data-driven governance, in that new rules, measures, and prohibitions have been introduced revoked response to predictive statistical epidemiological models, graphs, charts, aesthetically powerful data visualizations. Pandemic governance enforced an extreme by numbers. The real come mirror structure dystopia...