tubal ligation is one of the most effective and reliable methods of contraception and of successful program of birth control in iran. present study was done to evaluate factors affecting risk of complications during tubal ligation surgery. we studied 1780 women that had tubal ligation in 13 hospitals in tehran during the years 1993-95. data on operation were collected by questionnaire and analy...

reproductive abnormalities cause major losses of sheep production. abattoir materials were used todetermine the extent of reproductive wastage. reproductive tracts were collected from 524 ewes slaughtered at urmia slaughter-house in urmia, northwest of iran, during a period of 12 months. overall, 30.10% of the ewes examined were pregnant. a total of 149 (28.44%) tracts developed acquired reprod...

introduction foreign body insertion is a common and important cause of pre-pubertal vaginal bleeding. case presentation we present a three-year-old girl who referred to our clinic with abnormal vaginal bleeding without any other symptoms. the primary assessment revealed a radio-opaque round solid mass in the pelvic cavity. following vaginoscopy, the button battery was finally removed under gene...

introduction: dysmenorrhea is one of the most common and important health problems especially among young girls. it causes absence from classes and work. it has some negative effects on daily activities of patients. because of cultural problems, patients ordinarily don’t seek help from others in this situation. the aim of this survey was to study the prevalence of this disorder among university...

background nowadays, plastic surgeries are among the most popular types of surgeries around the world and iran has one of the highest rankings in this respect regarding its population size. based on these facts, the present study was conducted in order to evaluate the volunteers’ motivations attitudes and informational sources in tehran, iran. methods the study was conducted on a cross-sectiona...

background: sexual dysfunction (sd) is a common reported problem in patients with multiple sclerosis (ms). aims: to examine frequency and distribution of sd dimensions and to determine whether sd is related to various clinical and demographic variables in female patients. materials and methods: a total of 271 ms women (age: 19-50 years) participated in this cross-sectional study. we used a stru...

background & aim: primary dysmenorrhea is a common problem among women, resulting in a decline in their performance level and quality of life. previous studies have not indicated a definite relationship between body mass index (bmi) and dysmenorrhea. therefore, this study aimed to determine the severity of dysmenorrhea and investigate its relationship with bmi among female adolescents in hamada...

background: in people over 50, one out of three women and 12 men experience osteoporosis. youth lifestyle plays an essential role in increasing bone mass and preventing osteoporosis in old ages. thus, lifestyle changes during adolescence could cause the prevention of osteoporosis in older age. this study therefore conducted to investigate the lifestyle of female high school students in relation...

Treatment of same-sex couples using infertility therapies has become more acceptable over the years, but remains controversial. In December 2005, two law changes came into force in the UK that impact same-sex couples. Firstly, the Civil Partnership Act 2004 acknowledged legal relationships between same-sex couples; and secondly, the Adoption and Children Act 2002 allowed same-sex couples to ado...

Female genital cutting (FGC) is a widespread cultural practice in Africa and the Middle East, with a number of potential adverse health consequences for women. It was hypothesized by Kun (1997) that FGC increases the risk of HIV transmission through a number of different mechanisms. Using the 2003 data from the Kenyan Demographic and Health Survey (KDHS), this study investigates the potential a...