It can be difficult to judge the effectiveness of encoding techniques in a within-subject design. Consider the production effect-the finding that words read aloud are better remembered than words read silently. In the absence of a baseline, a within-subject production effect in a mixed study list could reflect a benefit of reading aloud, a cost of reading silently, or both. To help interpret wi...

Ablation of the frontal pole was followed by the deterioration of returning behavior; position discrimination in an enclosed T maze was also affected. Both tests required the utilization of response produced cues: In the elevated T maze, in which extra-maze visual cues were available, the lesion had no effect on position discrimination. Introduction of differential visual cues to the enclosed T...

The animal kingdom contains species with a wide variety of sensory systems that have been selected to function in different environmental niches, but that are also subject to modification by experience during an organism's lifetime. The modification of such systems by experience is often called perceptual learning. In rodents, the classic example of perceptual learning is the observation that s...

Happiness is among the concepts which were subject of empirical studies in 1960s. This concept has been used interchangeably with such concepts as joy, satisfaction with life and the like. While meaningfully correlating with the feeling of joy and satisfaction with life, as indicated by numerous researches, the feeling of happiness is affected by different factors and situations. The present re...

The role of information structure in determining the placement of pitch accent in English is often reduced to notions of Focus (e.g. Chomsky, 1971; Vallduvı́, 1990; Rooth, 1992; Roberts, 1996) and Givenness (e.g. Chafe, 1974; Schwarzschild, 1999; Féry & Samek-Lodovici, 2006; Selkirk, 2007). In question-answer pairs like the following,1 the default sentential stress pattern of English, where the ...

School violence is a worldwide problem. Among the variables that influence its frequency, perceived socioeconomic status seems to be associated with higher risk of exposure and attitudes toward violence. The aim this study examine based on discrimination (aporophobia) relationship violent behaviors in school context. For purpose, 96 Spanish students Primary Education (PE) Compulsory Secondary (...

Abstract There is little empirical research on the sport experiences of gay and lesbian recreational athletes in Germany their existence needs within organized, non-professional sports have largely been ignored. Based twelve in-depth interviews with self-identified male female adults, this paper explores how queer experience German clubs which particular challenges or discriminatory situations ...