abstract using tobit model, this study investigated factors affecting on crop risk frequency of farmers in the north khorasan province. data was collected through interviewing 120 farmers of north khorasan province in 2008. results showed that age, farm ownership and off farm employment affected frequency of risk negatively. non-agricultural activity, participating in a crop supervisory plan an...

The changes in the employment structure rural China are studied with a focus on off farm self-employment. Data from Household Income Project surveys covering same 14 provinces 1988 to 2018 used. We find that proportion of adults self-employment as their primary form off-farm increased only 2 percent 11 2013, no further increases through 2018. In and 1995, rate was highest eastern region, but th...

This study examined the impact of off-farm employment on rural household agriculture credit fungibility (CF) using survey data collected from four regions in Ghana; however, paid more attention to received different sources. By employing endogenous switching regression (ESR) model, we solved issue employment. The econometrics model result revealed that negatively influences household’s probabil...

Africa's rural population continues to expand rapidly, and labor productivity in agriculture many rural-off farm activities remains low. This review uses the lens of a dual economy associated patterns agricultural, rural, structural transformation evolution employment its inclusiveness. Many African countries still find themselves an early stage agricultural transformation. Given smaller sector...

Rural economy has an important role in rural sustainable development in every region or country. However, the rural economy in Iran is too much depending on agriculture and development of other rural economy in particular nonfarm activities, has been neglected by Iranian rural communities. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the role of non-farm business on rural sustainable develo...