INTRODUCTION: Bulging of the intervertebral discs during normal motion of the spine has been proposed as a potential cause of pain through either compression of the spinal cord or impingement of exiting neural elements. Although past studies have characterized both normal and stenotic dimensions of the spinal canal and intervertebral foramen, no previous study has described the amount of disc o...

In foetuses of 9 and 10 weeks the articular disc presents a more cellular structure with bands of connective tissue fibres. It is connected with the articular capsule and lateral pterygoid muscle. During weeks 11 and 12 there is an increase in collagenous fibres and fusiform cells are located mainly close to the surface of the disc.

Signaling by the secreted hedgehog, decapentaplegic and wingless proteins organizes the pattern of photoreceptor differentiation within the Drosophila eye imaginal disc; hedgehog and decapentaplegic are required for differentiation to initiate at the posterior margin and progress across the disc, while wingless prevents it from initiating at the lateral margins. Our analysis of these interactio...

The placement of tidal turbines in a farm is challenging owing to the flow resistance caused by individual devices. To successfully deploy turbines, wake interaction between devices, often determined array's layout and spacing, must be understood. In this study, impact array configuration for shallow water application examined numerically using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). This propose s...

STUDY DESIGN An in vitro biomechanical investigation in the human lumbar spine focuses on the functional significance of vertebral bone density and intervertebral disc degenerations. OBJECTIVE To determine that interrelationship between vertebral bone density and intervertebral disc degeneration, their effect on normal spine motion, and their significance in the biotechnical performance of in...

The lateral lumbar spinal canal may be subdivided into the subsequently necessitate fusion surgery. Other, more lateral approaches subarticular (lateral recess), the foraminal (pedicle) and the extraforaminal (far lateral) zone. Within these regions lies the “hidden zone”, an area known for its difficult surgical exposure (Fig. 1A) (Macnab, 1971). Common pathologies of this region include foram...

Differentiation of the Drosophila eye imaginal disc is an asynchronous, repetitive process which proceeds across the disc from posterior to anterior. Its propagation correlates with the expression of decapentaplegic at the front of differentiation, in the morphogenetic furrow. Both differentiation and decapentaplegic expression are maintained by Hedgehog protein secreted by the differentiated c...

BACKGROUND The lumbosacral disc with the adjacent iliac crest and its relationships to neurologic, visceral, and vascular structures is difficult to approach with cannula-based retractor systems. Previous, less invasive approaches have been described to access this space. Anterior, presacral, and transforaminal approaches each have approach-related complications that have prevented their widesp...

The control of organ growth is a fundamental aspect of animal development but remains poorly understood. The morphogen Dpp has long been considered as a general promoter of cell proliferation during Drosophila wing development. It is an ongoing debate whether the Dpp gradient is required for the uniform cell proliferation observed in the wing imaginal disc. Here, we investigated how the Dpp sig...