This paper examines Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī’s understanding of metaphysical certainty in terms his theory ta’wīl (interpretation) while showing optimism attaining certainty. Rāzī, also known as the leader skeptics (shaykh al-mushakkikīn) Shiʻi sources, thoroughly criticizing philosophical and kalam traditions before him, remains a controversial figure among scholars. His critical thinking confound...

1 Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah 67149, Iran 2Department of Mathematics and Computer Sciences, Faculty of Art and Sciences, Cankaya University, 06530 Ankara, Turkey 3 Institute of Space Sciences, P.O. BOX MG-23, 76900 Magurele, Bucharest, Romania 4Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, P.O...

A 10 months old male sparrowhawk with open antebrachium fracture was sreferred to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the School of Veterinary Medicine, Razi University. Radiographic evaluation confirmed both radius and ulna fracture of the bird's wing. Following by debridement and irrigation of the damaged site, external coaptation using splint and bandage with access to food and water for 7 w...

We examine a hitherto unstudied debate, turning on the epistemology of value judgements, between Ashʿarīs and Baṣran Muʿtazilīs late eleventh twelfth centuries. Al-Ghazālī al-Rāzī countered Muʿtazilī ethical realism, here defended by al-Malāḥimī, developing an emotive subjectivism underpinned increasingly sophisticated psychological accounts motivation. Value they maintained, arise not from kno...

razi mouse is originally established from native iranian mice at razi institute and is susceptible to spontaneous mammary tumor. in this study, incidence, age and predisposing factors of tumor and some of biological characteristics of this strain were studied. there were significant differences in incidence of mammary tumor in razi virgin females as compared with normally breeding and hormone t...

During an investigation of bovine brucellosis in Iran, conducted by the Razi Institute over a twelve-month period, samples of serum and milk were collected simultaneously from 6,472 cows in eight infected herds for serological and bacteriological testing. A total of 1,056 cows were serologically positive and 1,632 of 6,472 milk samples were positive to the milk ring test (MRT). Culture of the p...

1Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Babol University of Technology, PO Box, 484, Babol, Iran 2Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Protection,“Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iaşi, Str. Prof. Dr. Doc. DimitrieMangeron, nr. 73, 700050, Iaşi, Romania 3Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Faculty of Automatic Control and Computer E...