The purpose of this retrospective study was to analyze the cases of traumatic dental injuries involving root fracture and/or periodontal ligament injury (except avulsion) treated at the Discipline of Integrated Clinic, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Brazil, from January 1992 to December 2002. Clinical and radiographic records from 161 patients with 287 tra...

Oliverian Magma Series gneisses (442–454 Ma) in the cores of domes in southwestern New Hampshire have an igneous mineralogy that crystallized at pressures (P) of 9–11 kbar and temperatures (T) of 650–775 °C, whereas the cover (Ammonoosuc Volcanics) has the same formation age (453 ± 2 Ma) yet is clearly extrusive. A significant crustal section, ~30 km thick, must have originally separated the tw...

Dense layers of bacteria and fungi in the rhizoplane of three species of cactus (Pachycereus pringlei, Stenocereus thurberi, Opuntia cholla) and a wild fig tree (Ficus palmeri) growing in rocks devoid of soil were revealed by bright-field and fluorescence microscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy. These desert plants are responsible for rock weathering in an ancient lava flow a...

Expedition 309, “Superfast Spreading Rate Crust 2,” successfully deepened Hole 1256D (6.736°N, 91.934°W) by 503 m to a total depth of 1255.1 meters below seafloor (mbsf) or 1005.1 meters subbasement. The average rate of core recovery for the expedition was 36%. Much higher rates of recovery were experienced in the lowermost section of the hole (~70% average below 1200 mbsf). At the end of Exped...

Lava flows from extrusive volcanic eruptions can have catastrophic consequences both for human life and the environment. Modeling such situations is an important scientific problem. The main driving forces in evolution of mentioned lava are gravitational forces, viscous friction on surface spill, processes crystallization molten rocks into plateau, tubes, domes. In this paper, mathematical mode...

The Beyşehir–Hoyran–Hadim Nappes crop out over 700 km from NW to SE. Above a regionally autochthonous Tauride carbonate platform the Beyşehir–Hoyran Nappes begin with a thrust sheet (c. 400 m) of mainly redeposited carbonates, quartzose sandstones and mudstones of Mid–Late Triassic age, interpreted as a proximal slope–base-of-slope succession. Above is a thrust sheet (c. 1 km) of Middle–Upper T...

When teeth and their supporting structures are subjected to impact trauma, the resultant injury manifests either as a separation or a crushing injury or a combination of both (1) (Fig. 1). Separation injuries are exemplified by displacement of teeth during which there is cleavage of tissues such as the periodontial ligament (PDL). This occurs during avulsions and extrusive luxations. Damage to ...

Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) techniques are used to calculate the volume of extrusion at Okmok volcano, Alaska by constructing precise digital elevation models (DEMs) that represent volcano topography before and after the 1997 eruption. The posteruption DEM is generated using airborne topographic synthetic aperture radar (TOPSAR) data where a three-dimensional affine transfo...

BACKGROUND The present study aimed to evaluate the force delivery of removable thermoplastic appliances (RTAs), modified by different sized incisal cuts, during tipping of a maxillary central incisor in palatal and vestibular direction. METHODS Forty-five RTAs from three different materials (Biolon®, Erkodur®, Ideal Clear®) of the same thickness (1 mm) were used. Analysis was performed on a s...

Volcanic cinder, also known as scoria, is an extrusive igneous rock that forms when gas-rich magmas of basaltic or andesitic composition cool quickly. It typically dark in color, ranging from black to red depending on its chemical composition. Sometimes fresh cinder samples show a variety shiny metallic colors surface blue gold silver. The origin these has remained unknown up now. Cinder erupti...