In flat space, the extreme Reissner-Nordstrøm (RN) black hole is distinguished by its coldness (vanishing Hawking temperature) and its supersymmetry. We examine RN solutions to Einstein-Maxwell theory with a cosmological constant Λ, classifying the cold black holes and, for positive Λ, the " lukewarm " black holes at the same temperature as the de Sitter thermal background. For negative Λ, we c...

The price of electricity in the Mid-Atlantic (PJM) region of the United States increased during the “Polar Vortex” at the beginning of 2014. Transmission lines were congested because of high demand during the extreme cold weather. The natural gas price for electricity generation increased more than 35% at the end of 2013. Energy Storage Systems (ESS) would have helped the system to overcome man...

Regional warming associated with climate change is linked with altered range and abundance of species and ecosystems worldwide. However, the ecological impacts of changes in the frequency of extreme events have not been as well documented, especially for coastal and marine environments. We used 28 y of satellite imagery to demonstrate that the area of mangrove forests has doubled at the norther...

Extreme climate events are of key importance for forest ecosystems. However, both the inherent infrequency, stochasticity and multiplicity of extreme climate events, and the array of biological responses, challenges investigations. To cope with the long life cycle of trees and the paucity of the extreme events themselves, our inferences should be based on long-term observations. In this context...