Abstract Purpose of Review To provide the radiologist with tools to recognize findings atypical for Graves’ ophthalmopathy and differentiate between most important common alternative causes extraocular muscle enlargement on CT MR imaging. Recent We introduce five ‘red flags’ representing features that are ophthalmopathy: unilateral disease, pattern involvement, adjacent structure restricted dif...

PURPOSE PITX2 gene dose plays a central role in Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that the effects of Pitx2 gene dose on eye development can be molecularly dissected in available Pitx2 mutant mice. METHODS A panel of mice with Pitx2 gene dose ranging from wild-type (+/+) to none (-/-) was generated. Eye morphogenesis was assessed in animals with ea...

Cases of congenital ptosis are rare, that too occurring in twins. We presenting a case mono zygotic twins with bilateral fibrosis extraocular muscles (CFEOM). A 5-year-old boy child and his twin brother who monozygotic presented ptosis. Both children had been diagnosed as having Parents have refused surgical intervention for the muscle weakness. They were advised, if complained any visual abnor...

purpose: to evaluate the incidence of the oculo-cardiac reflex (ocr) and its associated risk factors during strabismus surgeries performed at a tertiary referral center between 1390 and 1392. methods: over a 2-year period, all strabismus surgery candidates were enrolled in the study after obtaining consent from the patients or their parents. vital signs were recorded before the initiation of th...

The saccadic system accurately compensates for perturbations of eye position produced by microstimulation of the superior colliculus. This requires that information about the stimulation-induced change in eye position be provided by an extraretinal source--either proprioceptive endings in extraocular muscles or a centrally generated corollary discharge. It is shown that compensation remains int...

Proptosis and diplopia due to enlargement of extraocular muscles represent important presenting signs of many orbital disorders. Although dysthyroid ophthalmopathy is the most common cause of enlargement of extraocular muscles, the differential diagnosis is extensive. We report a patient with a 3-month history of diplopia and unilateral proptosis and a markedly enlarged inferior rectus muscle o...

Patients with long-standing unilateral strabismus, such as "sensory" exotropia in the absence of fusion, or esotropia with unilateral amblyopia, typically show bilateral deviations under anesthesia, often symmetric. Forced ductions usually show symmetric muscle tightness. Changes in extraocular muscle lengths thus appear to occur primarily bilaterally, whether fusion is present or not. With ske...

Suitable biopsies can easily be taken from the inferior oblique muscle without unwanted side effects from the belly of this muscle, allowing complete examination by light and electron microscopy. The inferior oblique is the muscle of choice for biopsy studies of extraocular muscle.

Primary, localised orbital amyloidosis has been reported previously in only 15 patients. A case with amyloidosis strictly localised to an extraocular muscle is presented.