despite the numerous advantages of large dams, there is still a deep suspicion about the real,long-term benefits and costs of their construction. land use change on a vast scale, displacement of a largepopulation of indigenous people, loss of biodiversity and production of greenhouse gas emissions, as well as environmental, socioeconomic and cultural consequences resulting therefrom, indicate c...

Recently, the Italian government has approved a new law for public contracts and has been laying the groundwork for restarting a planning phase. The government has adopted the indications given by the European Commission regarding the estimation of the external costs within the Cost-Benefit Analysis, and has been approved the ‘Guidelines for assessment of Investment Projects’. In compliance wit...

cost alternative external rotation shoulder brace and review of treatment in acute shoulder dislocations. We read the paper of Lacy et al. (2015) with interest. 1 The authors present a narrative review of the use of external rotation bracing in acute shoulder dislocations. One of the weaknesses of a narrative review is that it is more likely to be subject to reporting bias. In their review the ...

This paper extends the analysis of the choice between internal and external R&D to consider the costs of internal R&D. The underlying hypothesis is that the choice of R&D mode is determined by their relative costs. Rather than merely estimating a reduced form probit model for R&D mode, we employ the Heckman two-stage estimator to estimate in addition the determinants of internal R&D unit cost (...

The VAT-model (virtual address translation model) extends the EM-model (external memory model) and takes the cost of address translation in virtual memories into account. In this model, the cost of a single memory access may be logarithmic in the largest address used. We show that the VAT-cost of cache-oblivious algorithms is only a constant factor larger than their EM-cost; this requires a som...

The external path length of a tree T is the sum of the lengths of the paths from the root to each external node. The maximal path length diierence, , is the diierence between the length of the longest and shortest such path. We prove tight lower and upper bounds on the external path length of binary trees with N external nodes and prescribed maximal path length diierence. In particular, we give...