Since Black and Scholes published their seminal paper [2] in 1973, the pricing of options by means of deterministic partial differential equations or inequalities has become standard practise in computational finance. An option gives the right (but not the obligation) to buy (call option) or sell (put option) a share for a certain value (the exercise price K) at a certain time T (exercise date)...

Probiotics are increasingly more present both as functional foods, and in pharmaceutical preparations with multiple levels of action that contribute to human health. Probiotics realize their positive effects with a proper dose, and by maintaining a declared number of probiotics cells by the expiration date. Important precondition for developing a probiotic product is the right choice of clinica...

Timer options are barrier style options in the volatility space. A typical timer option is similar to its European vanilla counterpart, except with uncertain expiration date. The finite-maturity timer option expires either when the accumulated realized variance of the underlying asset has reached a pre-specified level or on the mandated expiration date, whichever comes earlier. The challenge in...

Abstract A decision to invest in the development of an oil reserve requires an in-depth analysis of several uncertainty factors. Such factors may involve either technical uncertainties related to the size and economic quality of the reserve, or market uncertainties. When a great number of investment alternatives are involved, the task of selecting the best alternative or a decision rule is very...

Abstract This paper documents that short-term options achieve significantly lower returns during months with 4 versus 5 weeks between expiration dates. The average return differential ranges from 16 to 29 basis points per week for delta-hedged portfolios, and 101 187 straddles, over 1996–2017. Evidence based on earnings announcements institutional holdings suggests investor inattention exact da...