First fuzzy controllers based on Zadeh's studies [1] of human-machine interaction, were simple expert systems designed on the basis of human operator experience as, for example, the steam engine controller of Mamdani and Assilian [2]. Although this approach has produced many successful applications e.g. [3], the common complaint is that the design procedure relies heavily on human judgement and...

Probabilistic rules and their variants have recently supported several successful applications of expert systems, in spite of the diiculty of committing informants to particular conditional probabilities or \certainty factors," and in spite of the experimentally observed insensitivity of system performance to perturbations of the chosen values. Here we survey recent developments concerning reas...

The study aim was to compare expert with non-expert swimmers' rating of the aesthetic and technical qualities of front crawl in video-taped recordings of swimmers with low, middle, and high level proficiency. The results suggest that: i) observers' experience affects their judgment: only the expert observers correctly rated the swimmers' proficiency level; ii) evaluation of movement (technical ...

ERP clients and vendors necessarily estimate their project interventions at a very early stage, before the full requirements to an ERP solution are known and often before a contract is finalized between a vendor/consulting company and a client. ERP project estimation at the stage of early requirements in a contractual setting has been challenging as it requires the inclusion and the availabilit...

In the emerging literature on judgment (as opposed to preference) aggregation, expert rights or liberal rights have not been investigated yet. When a group forms collective beliefs, it may assign group members with expert knowledge on certain propositions the right to determine the collective judgment on those propositions; and, when a group forms collective goals or desires, it may assign memb...

The United Kingdom Supreme Court has abolished the longstanding immunity expert witnesses have enjoyed from being sued for negligence, in a landmark judgment. By a five-two majority, the UK’s highest court has swept away the rule that negligence claims cannot be brought against expert witnesses over anything said in court or in the preparation of reports for court proceedings. The case was brou...

Effective training is the key to minimizing the dangers of minimally invasive surgery (MIS). At present, the assessment of laparoscopic skills relies on the expertise of senior surgeons. The judgment is typically based on and expressed in ordinal variables that can take values such as low, medium, high or other comparable terms. This limited assessment, along with the lack of expert surgeons’ m...