Two caging experiments were conducted on an intertidal mudflat to assess the impact of predation on two species of bivalves; Macoma balthica and Cerastoderma edule. The first caging 2 experiment enclosed the shore crab, Carcinus maenas, carapace width 15–25 mm, in 1-m cages. The three treatments were zero Carcinus (control), five Carcinus (the highest natural densities found at this site) and 2...

Exclosure plots established in three separate areas of kanuka (Kunzea ericoides var. ericoides) forest on south Kaipara spit in 1983 to assess the impact of introduced fallow deer (Dama dama) were remeasured in 1993. Kanuka shared canopy dominance with mapou (Myrsine australis), houpara (Pseudopanax lessonii) and mahoe (Melicytus ramiflorus ssp. ramiflorus) in relatively old forest in Lookout B...

Degradation of communal grazing land vegetation is a widespread problem throughout sub Saharan Africa and its restoration is a challenge for the management of many semi-arid areas. This study assessed the effectiveness of different age (young versus old) exclosures on species composition and diversity, biomass production and woody structure in northern Ethiopia. The species composition and dive...

abstract quantitative investigation of effects of range management treatments on different soil and water components in rangeland ecosystems has been rarely taken into account. in the present research, the kodir summer rangeland in the southeast nowshahr in mazandaran province was selected for studying effects of open grazing and exclosure managements on infiltration, runoff and microrelief. ex...

this study aimed to investigate the effect of animal grazing on soil seed bank characteristics in the northern slopes of alborz. for this purpose, soil seed bank characteristics were compared between grazed and ungrazed areas. therefore, four transects perpendicular to the sides of exclosure inside and outside of it were established. then soil samples were collected within 28 plots inside and 2...

Watershed management practices (WMP) are widely used in catchments as a measure to reduce soil erosion and sediment-related problems. We paired catchment the Gonbad region of Hamadan province, Iran, evaluate sediment yield response watershed by employing concept connectivity (SC). To do this, SC index representation was firstly simulated for control that there is no WMP. In next step, impacted ...

the range conditions explain its health as a management tool. obviously, theimplementation of this important assessment requires the most appropriate study methodfor each region. in order to select the most appropriate methods of range conditions inkabirkooh grasslands of zagros in iran, five estimation methods (i.e. six-factor, fourfactor,vegetation and soil combination, value of pasture and c...

Exclosure studies have been used to great advantage in the Hawaiian Islands to evaluate and demonstrate impacts of alien vertebrate herbivores upon native vegetation. Information presented for 50 exclosures, mostly on Hawaii and Maui, shows a wide range of vegetation responses. In most situations, native biota hold their own or increase following removal of vertebrate damage, but the chance of ...