after 11 september attack, anticipatory self defense has obtained specific situation in the doctrine ,of western states. these countries with financial and military power are seeking to justify this doctrine. this type of defense is contrary to article 51 of the charter of united nations that expresses the concept of self defense. in this paper, the authors are going to verify and show that thi...

The United States’ relations with Cuba are rooted in the US intervention in the process of Cuba’s independence from Spain in the 1890s. The US preserved its interest-based approach towards Cuba during the first half of the 20th century, which culminated in the Cuba’s counter-hegemonic revolution in 1959. This revolution led to more than fifty years of hostility between two countries, which took...

the relevance and effectiveness of the world health organization’s (who’s) global code of practice on the international recruitment of health personnel is being reviewed in 2015. the code, which is a set of ethical norms and principles adopted by the world health assembly (wha) in 2010, urges members states to train and retain the health personnel they need, thereby limiting demand for internat...

geopolitical imagination, by definition, is the competition between powers in forming individuals’, institutions’ and political factors’ perception of the characteristics and contents of geographical space, on the basis of their intended interests. in this article, as a case study, the us perception of the :union: of soviet socialist republics during the cold war era is analysed. the authors ar...

The relevance and effectiveness of the World Health Organization’s (WHO’s) Global Code of Practice on the International Recruitment of Health Personnel is being reviewed in 2015. The Code, which is a set of ethical norms and principles adopted by the World Health Assembly (WHA) in 2010, urges members states to train and retain the health personnel they need, thereby limiting demand for internat...

abstract background: research shows that the age at menarche, as an essential element in the reproductive health of women, had been decreasing in the 19th and 20th centuries, and shows a huge variation across different countries. there are numerous studies performed in iran reporting a range of age at menarche. thus, this meta-analysis aimed to determine the overall mean age at menarche of the ...

Declines in mortality rates for females at older ages in some developed countries, including the United States, have slowed in recent decades even as decreases have steadily continued in some other countries. This study presents a modified version of the indirect Peto-Lopez method, which uses lung cancer mortality rates as a proxy for smoking exposure, to analyze this trend. The modified method...