secure electronic transaction (set) protocol is an open protocol, which has the potential to emerge as a powerful tool in securing of electronic transactions. the quality of a design of an ecommerce protocols has a great influence on achieving non-functional requirements (nfrs) to the system. an increasingly important non-functional attribute of complex software systems is adaptability. softwar...

This paper presents a model that calculates the social welfare benefits of using additional subsidy to reduce fare levels or improve service levels of public transit in Chicago. The model differentiates between the effects in peak and off-peak periods for both bus and rapid rail service. The potential welfare benefits of transit improvements accrue to several different groups of people: (1) exi...

We seek to find normative criteria of adequacy for nonmonotonic logic similar to the criterion of validity for deductive logic. Rather than stipulating that the conclusion of an inference be true in all models in which the premises are true, we require that the conclusion of a nonmonotonic inference be true in “almost all” models of a certain sort in which the premises are true. This “certain s...

PURPOSE To conduct a structured literature synthesis on the etiology, prognosis, and diagnostic evaluation of dizziness, and to suggest a primary-care approach to evaluating this symptom. METHODS Studies were identified from MEDLINE searches (1966 through 1996) and a manual search of bibliographies from retrieved articles. Two investigators independently abstracted study data. RESULTS The m...

Easy-to-use software lets researchers build translation models without full control or knowledge of their inner workings. This constrains the diversity and effectiveness of modern machine translation systems. We work to alleviate this problems by thoroughly examining the efficacy of Tensorflow’s machine translation abstractions. We observe that our novel dataset is too noisy to be useful, and t...

Much of the interest in empirical studies of judges lies in the comparison of actual to ideal behavior. When we ask what makes a good judge or whether a judge rightly decided a case, we implicitly compare the judge's decisions to a normative standard. In some instances, the content of the normative standard is uncontroversial and its application straightforward. Hence, a trial judge who sentenc...

The rise of the social web and its uptake by scholars has led to the creation of altmetrics, which are social web metrics for academic publications. These new metrics can, in theory, be used in an evaluative role, to give early estimates of the impact of publications or to give estimates of non-traditional types of impact. They can also be used as an information seeking aid: to help draw a digi...