P arasites that live in intimate contact with the immune system of their hosts require specialized adaptations to survive in such exposed environments. Once adapted to these demanding environments, it seems such parasites could not easily switch to distantly related hosts [1], and, thus, would be good candidates to diversify congruently with their hosts, i.e., cospeciation. One of the best-know...

“I’m sure that thing had stripes when we saw it at the procession”, said apprentice sculptor, cocking his head to better examine animal before him. “What? Listen, just do your job and sculpt what you see, will you?”, replied impatient boss. “No one is paying look for stripes! If don’t get this commission done in time there’ll be hell pay! So chisel cracking!” Some 2500 years later, stone bas-re...

-A new species ofaxiid, Eutrichocheles pindatyba, is described from Santa Cruz, south-central Brazil. The species is characterized by possessing a laterally dentate rostrum, unarmed median and submedian carinae of the carapace, spinose ischia and meri and tuberculate propodi of the first pereopods. The genus Eutrichocheles was erected by Wood Mason (1876), to accommodate Cancer modestus Herbst,...

•Shoulder mobility and muscle leverage differ in sprawling vs. parasagittal tetrapods•Elevation joint versatility are key to therian posture•Reptiles monotremes both sprawl, but aspects of shoulder function•Results give predictive power for the synapsid sprawling–parasagittal transition The postural shift was a major during evolution, underpinned by reorganization forelimb, considered mammalian...

•Satyrium longicauda is characterized by two pollination ecotypes•Pollination oil-collecting bees derived from moth pollination•The pollinator shift process associated with pre-adaptation and vestigialization•Minor modifications in floral chemistry can initiate major shifts During the evolutionary history of flowering plants, transitions between groups (pollinator shifts) have been frequent,1va...