The impacts of market liberalisation on the electricity supply sector depend on many different factors and boundary conditions. Comparing these impacts in Austria and Germany, two countries which both participate in the European internal market and have a central geographical location in Western Europe, and which both have borders and important trade relationships with Central European countrie...

The main goal of this paper is to reveal the extent import dependency on electricity, gas, steam, and air conditioning supply (EGSA), basic component energy, in Turkey. Such that growing industrialization Turkey has expanded need for energy since many sectors use as input produce output. However, Turkey’s domestic production fails meet demand. For reason, meets approximately 75 percent its need...

We use mixed-complementarity-problem programming to implement tariff rate quotas (TRQs) in the global computable general equilibrium (CGE) LINKAGE model. We apply the approach to TRQs in sugar markets in OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) countries. We calibrate the model on 2000 policy levels for OECD countries to reflect the full implementation of their World Trade O...

BACKGROUND The European Union has made it a strategic objective to develop its biofuels market in order to minimize greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, to help mitigate climate change and to address energy insecurity within the transport sector. Despite targets set at national and supranational levels, lignocellulosic bioethanol production has yet to be widely commercialized in the European Union. ...

Despite being one of the world's major internationally traded services, tourism remains neglected within debates on European integration and growth models. We highlight rise tourism-led in southern Europe argue that process has been a double-edged sword, simultaneously incentivizing forcing economies to reap their comparative advantage tourism. While created preconditions for expansion intra-Eu...

Purpose: Exploration of some major obstacles to integrated care in ‘countries in transition’ in central/eastern Europe. Context: ‘Integration’ is virtually a universal policy aim of European ‘transition’ countries. Seduced by the prospect of increased value from scarce resources, governments strive to transform traditional compartmentalised ‘curative’ health systems, into more integrated system...

Imports of goods that embody foreign technology can raise a country’s output directly as inputs into production and indirectly through reverse engineering of these goods, contributing to domestic imitation and innovation. This paper quantifies spillovers from high technology imports to domestic imitation and innovation in both developed and developing countries. It then considers the contributi...

Abstract One of the main aspects transition process in Central, Eastern and Southeastern European (CESEE) countries was trade liberalisation. As their financial systems are still underdeveloped channel is dominant shock transmitter, this paper focuses on export dynamics for a selected set CESEE countries. The employed methodology, Global Vector Autoregressive (GVAR) approach, allows modelling i...

abstract- this study aims to model optimal cultivation pattern based on the maximization of importing virtual water and social net income of major crops in marvdasht, iran. for this purpose, a linear programming model was developed considering constraints of virtual water and land limitations followed by other models to include employment restrictions. based on the findings, wheat and tomato we...