Civil wars and con‡ict can be understood from an economic point of view only if there is incomplete contracting. I examine such settings and …rst discuss sources of incomplete contracting, from geography and ethnic and social distance to external interventions due to geopolitics or the presence of rents. Yet, since war is destructive, the contending parties might normally be expected to settle ...

State capacity matters for growth. I test Bates’ explanation of pre-colonial African states. He argues that trade across ecological boundaries promoted states. I find that African societies in ecologically diverse environments had more centralized states. This is robust to reverse causation, omitted heterogeneity, and alternative interpretations of the link between diversity and states. Ecologi...

Indian populations show mitochondrial DNA macrohaplogroups M and N. Among the various haplogroups of N, haplogroup R and its sub-haplogroup U are predominant among the diverse populations. An overview of about 130 studied populations reveals wide diversity of haplogroup R and its sub-haplogroup U among varied ethnic status and different linguistic families. The various lineages of macrohaplogro...

While the labour market integration of immigrant youth has increasingly received attention in recent years, due to the lack of appropriate data comparative studies are scarce until now and theoretical reasons for persistence of ethnic disadvantages often remain unclear. In this paper we try to enhance the understanding of ethnic inequalities making use of a new dataset made available by Eurosta...

In this paper we outline some of the results that were obtained by the application of a Cray T3D parallel supercomputer to human geography problems. We emphasise the fundamental importance of high-performance computing (HPC) as a future relevant paradigm for doing geography. We offer an introduction to recent developments and illustrate how new computational intelligence technologies can start ...

Araştırmada 1924 yılından 2018 yılına kadar uygulanmış olan ilkokul, ortaokul ve ilköğretim Sosyal bilgiler dersi öğretim programlarında yer alan araç gereçlerin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda yapılmış ilkokul (1924, 1930, 1936, 1948, 1962, 1968, 1971) (1931-32, 1938, 1949) (1998, 2005, 2018) sosyal programı doküman incelemesi yöntemi ile incelenmiştir. Çalışmada elde edilen v...

BACKGROUND In our globalizing world, caregivers are increasingly being confronted with the challenges of providing intercultural healthcare, trying to find a dignified answer to the vulnerable situation of ethnic minority patients. Until now, international literature lacks insight in the intercultural care process as experienced by the ethnic minority patients themselves. We aim to fill this ga...

This study aims to present and analyze the time series of snow parameters focusing on representative geographical areas Eastern Mediterranean (i.e., Greece Italy) examine their seasonal variability, in terms region geography. The satellite retrievals were firstly validated against in-situ for 67 common days, with a mean bias equal −0.018 cm, near-Gaussian distribution, showing good performance ...

Today, one of the countries where Turkish language teaching is common Republic North Macedonia, located in Balkan peninsula. Many ethnic communities live Macedonia. Macedonians, Albanians, Turks, Bosnians, Serbs, Vlachs and Romani constitute different national structure As many Balkans, Turks living Macedonia have preserved their mother tongue, culture traditions. In addition, groups were given...