Currently in the literature, there is a dearth of empirical research that confirms whether international junior success is a reliable predictor for future international senior success. Despite the uncertainty of the junior-senior relationship, federations and coaches still tend to use junior success as a predictor for long-term senior success. A range of former investigations utilising a retros...

for the 2008 Olympic Games, the sport community is waiting to see what the impact of the environment and air quality might be on athletes’ performance. Speculation by the media has painted an apprehensive picture, but what are the real concerns regarding the performance of these extraordinary athletes, especially those who have asthma? In this article, we describe the available evidence of the ...

The incarceration system in the United States has leaned towards becoming more punitive than rehabilitative. A direct consequence would be issue of mass incarceration. In fact, imprisons most people world with over 2 million prisoners. Because influx inmates prisons, conditions deteriorate, creating a harsh prison environment that may detrimental to psychological, physical, and social aspects a...

many factors affect privatization of sports clubs. the aim of this research was to identify social and legal factors affecting privatization of sports clubs and to prioritize them with ahp method. for this purpose, the effective factors were collected with library and field study; a decision hierarchy tree was drawn and a questionnaire was designed. consistency rate under 0.1 was a sign of adap...

Background and aims Online gambling participation is increasing rapidly, with relatively little research about the possible effects of different gambling activities on problem gambling behaviour. The aim of this exploratory study was to examine the participation in online gambling activities and the relationship with problem gambling among an international sample of online gamblers. Methods An ...

a review of studies about sports privatization indicates that almost allcountries in the world have paid considerable attention to the role and thesignificance of sports privatization. however, it should be noted that thereare not only one or two factors influencing sports privatization. the mainissue is that sports privatization especially for football clubs cannot beeffective without the exis...

BACKGROUND Studies of the relationship between sports activity and smoking among adolescents and young adults report contradictory results. We examined the association between sports activity (intensity and type of sport) and the current use of snus (Swedish snuff), cigarette smoking, and the combined use of cigarettes and snus (dual use) among young males in Finland. METHODS Data were collec...