The Neolithic (ca. 8000-1900 B.C.) underpinnings of early Chinese civilization had diverse geographic and cultural foundations in distinct traditions, ways of life, subsistence regimes, and modes of leadership. The subsequent Bronze Age (ca. 1900-221 B.C.) was characterized by increasing political consolidation, expansion, and heightened interaction, culminating in an era of a smaller number of...

A aviary, the vast collection of bird paintings in Chinese art, reflects longstanding global fascination with our feathered friends. Balanced on two legs, like humans, and able to fly and swim, birds have been viewed as an engineering miracle in the East and West and have been studied by artists and scientists alike. Traditional Chinese painting goes back 6,000 years to the Neolithic period and...

Remnants of cities and farmlands in China's hyperarid Tarim Basin indicate that environmental conditions were significantly wetter two millennia ago in a region which is barren desert today. Historical documents and age data of organic remains show that the Loulan Kingdom flourished during the Han Dynasty (206 BCE-220 CE) but was abandoned between its end and 645 CE. Previous archaeological, ge...

searching about nationalism in dramatic literature of iran, cause us to consider two special eras in the one hundred and fifty year old dramatic history of iran: first pahlavi and the time of war between iran and iraq which has allocated a lot of artistic works under the name of defa’e moghadas to itself. but the main aspect of this research is introducing and surveying sho’bie movement – the f...

The history of Shiraz University School of Medicine (the former Pahlavi University School of Medicine) is important if we are to understand the development of medical education in Iran during the 20th century. This medical school took a unique path to its development including full-time faculty members, use of English as its institutional language, and emphasis on self learning. However, the mo...

In the long history of feudal society China, Kaifeng played a vital role. During Northern Song Dynasty, became worldwide metropolis. The important reason was that Grand Canal, which excavated during Sui main transportation artery for political and military center north economic south. Furthermore, located at made it capital later Dynasty. Dynasty called “the canal-centered era.” development can...

The recent acquisitions of archaeological findings of bamboo slips inmany institutions inChina provide us a good significance for the study of development of mathematics in Ancient China. These includes the Tsinghua University (arithmetic table, dated from the Warring States period), the YueluAcademy (bamboo slips of the book “mathematics”, QinDynasty), the BeijingUniversity (bamboo slips of ma...