In this article, we introduce an epistemic modal operator modelling knowledge over distributive non-associative full Lambek calculus with a negation. Our approach is based on the relational semantics for substructural logics: we interpret the elements of a relational frame as information states consisting of collections of data. The principal epistemic relation between the states is the one of ...

Abstract This article aims to further test the cognitive claims of so-called subjectivity account causal events and their linguistic markers, connectives. We took Mandarin Chinese, a language that is typologically completely different from usual western languages, as case provide evidence for this account. Complementary commonly used corpora analyses, we employed crowdsourcing tap native speake...

Epistemic modals relativize the truth value of a proposition to some body of knowledge. It is thus reasonable to consider that their truth conditions concern at least as much the attitude of the speaker(s) towards the proposition as the content of the proposition itself. Epistemic modals can be seen as evidential comments on propositions (von Fintel and Gillies 2007). Veltman (1996), Groenendij...

The present work is devoted to the semantic analysis of modality in Siin Seereer. latter an African language belonging West Atlantic branch Niger-Congo family. It a through which enunciator can express his/her ideas and point views expression modality. Thus, there are lots operators used Seereer deal with (deontic, epistemic, dynamic, etc.). So, article aims highlight different types modality, ...

“ba:y?d” as a persian lexeme is interwoven with modality, a semantic category and therefore has a complicated and thought- provoking semantic nature. this paper uses evidence from persian to investigate the usage of this lexeme and some of its semantic and pragmatic aspects in this language. the results indicate that this lexical category can convey a wide range of modal meanings in different c...

The question of whether the notional category ‘future’ in natural languages is a tense or modality has received a lot of attention in linguistic semantics, and it seems inescapable to conclude that the semantics of future involves a modal component (e.g. see Bertinetto, 1979; Enç 1996, Copley, 2002; Squartini, 2004; Kaufmann 2005; Mari, 2009,2010,to appear, Klecha 2014, Giannakidou 2012, Gianna...

In many languages, the same words are used to express epistemic and root modality. These modals further tend to interact with tense and aspect in systematic ways, based on their interpretation. Is this pattern accidental, or a consequence of grammar or meaning? I address this question by: (i) comparing ‘grammatical’ modals to verbs/adjectives that share meanings with modals, but not the same sc...

Expressions of epistemic stance in academic discourse reflect not only the authors’ commitment to truth what is being said, but also their awareness other members community, current thinking within discipline, and established patterns interaction. Stance-taking strongly embedded culture language, as demonstrated numerous studies that focus on L2 English (e.g. Hinkel 2002; Dontcheva-Navratilova ...

This paper explains how we define and represent modality in E-HowNet. Following Lyons (1977, reviewed in Hsieh 2003, among others), we hold that modals express a speaker’s opinion or attitude toward a proposition and hence have a pragmatic dimension and recognize five kinds of modal categories, i.e. epistemic, deontic, ability, volition and expectation modality. We then present a representation...