Background: Retrial is an additional combination of the words "retrial" and "trial". Trial is a means of justice and trial, like others, is in the introduction of error and error if there is a verdict that is accompanied by error as a result of the trial. Which must be reconsidered. In the relations between taxpayers and the tax system, a dispute is possible, which can be due to factors such as...

This paper presents a quantitative and computational method to determine the optimal tax rate among generating units. To strike a balance between the reduction of carbon emission and the profit of energy sectors, the proposed bilevel optimization model can be regarded as a Stackelberg game between the government agency and the generation companies. The upper-level, which represents the governme...

Concerns about energy security and climate change have sparked legislators’ interest in reducing gasoline consumption by increasing corporate average fuel-economy (CAFE) standards. Using an empirically rich simulation model and cost estimates for anticipated fuel-economy technologies, we estimate annual costs of reducing long-run gasoline consumption by 10% via a 3.8 miles per gallon increase i...

generators’ risks Richard Green Institute for Energy Research and Policy University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT Tel: +44 121 415 8216 Email: [email protected] October 2007 Abstract Volatile fuel prices affect both the cost and price of electricity in a liberalized market. Generators with the price-setting technology will face less risk to their profit margins than those with costs that...

In this study we investigate the economic effects of carbon taxes on the Russian economy. The main findings of this study are the following: an introduction of carbon taxes compensated by an increase in lump-sum subsidies may weak the Russian economy through higher energy costs. Moreover, such an environmental tax reform could induce Dutch disease in Russia because of increases in the domestic ...

In many countries, entry of renewable electricity producers has been supported by subsidies and financed by a tax on electricity consumed. This article is the first to analytically derive the dynamics of the generation mix, subsidy, and tax as renewable capacity increases. This enables us to complement and extend previous work by providing analytical expressions for previously obtained simulati...

We present a family of simple globally aggregated and regionalized actor-based systemdynamics Integrated Assessment models (IAMs). We first develop a global IAM in which both fossil-fuel-based capital and renewable-energy-based capital determine the production function. A business-as-usual scenario (no mitigation policy) is compared with various mitigation scenarios based on different global ca...

Taxing internationally mobile factors of production has been dismissed as an inefficient means of raising tax revenue. This paper addresses the question of whether it is efficient to tax capital at source when labor markets and the taxation of lumpsum income suffer from imperfections. Four reasons for taxing capital are identified: (i) institutional constraints rendering any taxation of profit ...