Afghan immigration, which has continued uninterruptedly for the last half century, become an integral part of country's historical identity. Political and economic instability been going on nearly fifty years, foreign intervention drought famine caused by climate change, are most important factors triggering migration. The unending war in Afghanistan more than forty years have seriously affecte...

AIMS To investigate the dynamics of binary culture biofilm formation through use of both the Sorbarod model of biofilm growth and the constant depth film fermenter (CDFF). METHODS AND RESULTS Pseudo steady-state biofilm cultures of laboratory and clinical strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, selected on the basis of their ability to produce a Burkholderia cepacia growth-inhibitory substance, we...

a r t i c l e i n f o This paper provides a view of progress over the last quarter century in the economics of international migration. I focus on two long established topics and two that have surged in the last decade. Interest in immigrant and assimilation and in the labour market effects of immigration has been kept going by methodological debates and by the diffusion of empirical work from ...

Population monitoring programmes and estimation of vital rates are key to understanding the mechanisms of population growth, decline or stability, and are important for effective conservation action. We report, for the first time, the population trends and vital rates of the endangered snow leopard based on camera trapping over four years in the Tost Mountains, South Gobi, Mongolia. We used rob...

Abstract Germany today is one of the world’s most important countries immigration but at same time a country emigration. During last three decades, more than 3.3 million German citizens have left whereas 2.5 returned. Overall, 3.8 Germans live outside in another OECD. The chapter analyses basic structures emigration and remigration. Germany’s development as includes major historical predecessor...

Health worker migration is causing profound health, safety, social, economic and political challenges to countries without special policies for health professionals' mobility. This study describes the prevalence of migration intentions among medical undergraduates, identifies underlying factors related to migration intention and describes subsequent actions in Serbia. Data were captured by surv...

This paper considers the relationship between economic factors and national security. While considering a broad number of issue areas, the principal theme of the course is the way in which economic factors (as immigration) fundamentally influence the national security of the region, and the way in which those factors shape and constrain the strategies chosen to pursue that security. South-South...

Movement and dispersal are critical processes for almost all organisms in natural populations. Understanding their causes and consequences is therefore of high interest. While both theoretical and empirical work suggest that dispersal, more exactly emigration, is plastic and may be a function of local population density, the functional relationship between the underlying movement strategies and...