Aging is an inescapable fact of human life. In most areas of our lives, aging leads to an unremarkable, gradual decline in physical ability. For example, no one questions why a 40-year-old runner can no longer compete in the Olympics. As the body ages, metabolism slows, joints wear out, and energy is diminished. Aging also has a uniform natural effect on the learning of new skills. As a result,...

Two of the most fundamental distinctions between classes of speech sounds is that between sonorants and obstruents and between continuants and non-continuants. Sonorants are characterized as sounds which have no constriction small enough to impede the flow of air to the point of creating any audible turbulence; obstruents, as sounds which have a constriction which does impede the flow of air to...

In comprehension of the metaphor “TOPIC is VEHICLE,” emergent features in the interpretation of metaphors are characteristic neither of the topic nor the vehicle. An experiment examines the hypothesis that new features emerge as metaphoric interpretations through association with nonemergent features connected with the topic, vehicle, or both. In the experiment, participants were presented with...

This article reviews the literature on emergent literacy in young deaf children, focusing on the nature and course of both emergent reading and emergent writing. Beginning with definitions and background information concerning emergent literacy as a field of study, it examines instructional approaches that support emergent literacy learning. The review of the literature is organized into four m...

The notion of an emergent property has aroused much recent discussion among both scientists and philosophers. Many quite different kinds of properties have been described as ‘emergent’, the only clear common factor being the broad idea that when a physical system of sufficient complexity is in a suitable configuration new properties ‘emerge’ in a way that could not have been predicted from the ...

Information and communication infrastructures underwent a rapid and extreme decentralization process over the past decade: From a world of statically and partially connected central servers rose an intricate web of millions of information sources loosely connecting one to another. Today, we expect to witness the extension of this revolution with the wide adoption of meta-data standards like RDF...

As the development of systems of systems becomes more important in global ventures, so does the issues of emergent behavior. The challenge for systems engineers is to predict and analyze emergent behavior, especially undesirable behavior, in systems of systems. In this paper we briefly discuss definitions of emergent behavior, describe a large-scale system of system that exhibits emergent behav...

Quantum mechanics and relativity in the continuum imply the well known spin-statistics connection. However for particles hopping on a lattice, there is no such constraint. If a lattice model yields a relativistic field theory in a continuum limit, this constraint must ”emerge” for physical excitations. We discuss a few models where a spin-less fermion hopping on a lattice gives excitations whic...

Complex Emergent Discrete Event Systems (CEDES) are those where sequence of local events between simple agents or agents and their environment lead to the emergence of overall behavior following certain design goals. Such systems are proved to be robust and scaleable and therefore find many applications in real world. However they require sound mathematical models that would guarantee desired e...