During initial transcription, RNA polymerase remains bound at the promoter and synthesizes RNA without movement along the DNA template, drawing downstream DNA into itself in a process called scrunching and thereby storing energy to sever the bonds that hold the enzyme at the promoter. We show that DNA scrunching also is the driving force behind the escape of RNA polymerase from a regulatory pau...

............................................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................ v List of abbreviations ........................................................................................................... viii...

BACKGROUND CONTEXT Most previous studies have investigated ligament mechanical properties at slow elongation rates of less than 25 mm/s. PURPOSE To determine the tensile mechanical properties, at a fast elongation rate, of intact human cervical anterior and posterior longitudinal, capsular, and interspinous and supraspinous ligaments, middle-third disc, and ligamentum flavum. STUDY DESIGN/S...

t-BuOK was found to be an effective promoting reagent for tandem ring-opening/closing reactions of various N-Ts aziridines and aryl propargyl alcohols to afford dihydroxazine derivatives in moderate to good yields. A plausible reaction mechanism has been proposed.

Spatiotemporal regulation of axonal branching and elongation is essential in the development of refined neural circuits. cAMP is a key regulator of axonal growth; however, whether and how intracellular cAMP regulates axonal branching and elongation remain unclear, mainly because tools to spatiotemporally manipulate intracellular cAMP levels have been lacking. To overcome this issue, we utilized...

This work establishes that cessation of root elongation of intact squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) plants is an early result of boron deficiency. Root elongation is slowed by 6 hours and is virtually stopped as early as 24 hours after boron is first withheld from the nutrient solution. As root elongation ceased, cell elongation progressed distally into the region normally occupied by the apical meris...

T-2 toxin, a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium tricinctum, inhibited elongation of excised hypocotyl sections of Glycine max var. Hawkeye 63. Auxin-promoted elongation was inhibited more severely than was control elongation, and a 1 hour preincubation of 5 mum toxin prevented the induction of a faster rate of elongation by auxin. While the inhibition of elongation by cytokinin was similar to that ...