The purpose of this paper is to elucidate the concept of an elementary particle in the first-quantized Standard Model. The emphasis is upon the mathematical structures involved, rather than numerical computations. After the general concepts and philosophical outlook are introduced in the opening section, Section 2 addresses the question of what a free elementary particle is, paying particular a...

These lectures deal with the complex structure of the ground state, or vacuum, of Quantum Chromo Dynamics (QCD) and its low-energy excitations, the hadrons. QCD, the theory of quarks, gluons and their interactions, is a self-contained part of the Standard Model of elementary particles. It is a consistent quantum field theory with a simple and elegant underlying Lagrangian, based entirely on the...

I have been asked to review the history of the formation of the Standard Model. It is natural to tell this story as a sequence of brilliant ideas and experiments, but here I will also talk about some of the misunderstandings and false starts that went along with this progress, and why some steps were not taken until long after they became possible. The study of what was not understood by scient...

A standard version of a kinetic instability for the generation of Langmuir waves by a beam of electrons is adapted to describe the analogous instability due to a beam of neutrinos. The interaction between a Langmuir wave and a neutrino is treated in the one-loop approximation to lowest order in an expansion in 1/M W in the standard electroweak model. It is shown that this kinetic instability is...

The nature of baryon resonances is studied in the dynamical chiral coupled-channel approach for meson-baryon scattering. In general, origin of resonances in two-body scattering can be classified into two categories: dynamically generated states and genuine elementary particles. We demonstrate that the genuine contribution in the loop function can be excluded by adopting a natural renormalizatio...

Objects and systems at all scales operate by a mix of internal impulsion and external influence. This phenomenon, ubiquitous and accurately modeled by simple systems of coupled oscillators, are observed in systems of elementary subatomic particle, biological populational dynamics and interactions of heavenly bodies on an astronomical scale. Despite the simplicity of coupled oscillator models li...

The search for electric dipole moments (EDM) of fundamental particles started approximately fifty years with Ramsey’s search for a neutron EDM. Even though the techniques have been improved and the sensitivities has reached an unprecedented small level no EDM of a fundamental particle has been observed so far. Non-the-less EDM experiments have put strict limits and constrained the parameter spa...

Contemporary theories of antimatter have a number of insufficiencies which stimulated the recent construction of the new isodual theory based on a certain antiisomorphic map of all (classical and quantum) formulations of matter called isoduality. In this note we show that the isodual theory predicts that antimatter emits a new light, called isodual light, which can be distinguished from the ord...

The physics of the strong interactions always has been tightly connected to the study of nucleons at shorter and shorter distances. The measurement of the anomalous magnetic moments of the proton and neutron in 1933 and 1939 made clear that nucleons are no elementary particles. During the 1950ies the Hofstadter experiments revealed the charge distributions inside nucleons at scales Q ≃ 0.5 ·M N...

We explain the origin of the difficulties that appear in a straightforward application of the QRPA in 12 C, and we demonstrate that it is imperative to use the projected QRPA (PQRPA). Satisfactory results, not only for the weak processes among the ground states of the triad { 12 B, 12 C, 12 N }, but also for the inclusive ones are obtained. We sketch as well a new formalism for the neutrino-nuc...