The properties of Si(111) surfaces grafted with benzene derivatives were investigated using ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (UPS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The investigated materials were nitro-, bromo-, and methoxybenzene layers (-C(6)H(4)-X, with X = NO(2), Br, O-CH(3)) deposited from diazonium salt solutions in a potentiostatic electrochemical process. The UPS spectr...

A comprehensive theoretical study was carried out on a series of aryldimesityl borane (DMB) derivatives using Density Functional theory. Optimized geometries and electronic parameters like electron affinity, reorganization energy, frontiers molecular contours, polarizability and hyperpolarizability have been calculated by employing B3PW91/6-311++G (d, p) level of theory. Our results show that t...

introduction the use of cut-outs in electron applicators make changes on output, isodose, and percentage depth dose (pdd) curves. these changes and electron beam dose distribution in the form of three-dimensional (3d) can be measured by gel dosimeters. materials and methods dosimetry was performed with and without a square shield (6×6 cm2 field). the energies were 4, 9, and 16 mev and phantom w...

Low work function materials are desirable in many applications such as electron emission and photocatalysis. We have studied low energy from hydrogen terminated diamond surfaces via spectroscopy to gain insight into the mechanisms involved during excitation emission. Electron was found be dominated by electrons within band gap region, allowed due negative affinity surface, while sub-bandgap ill...

In this research at the first, xylometazoline hydrochloride drug (XY) and its fullerene connected form (FXY) were optimized. Natural Bond Orbital (NBO) calculations for these compounds were carried out at the B3LYP/6-31G* quantum chemistry level, in the gas phase and the liquid phase. These calculations can be performed at different accuracy levels depending on the aim of the theoretical study....

The adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate reductase (AprAB) is the enzyme responsible for the reduction of adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (APS) to sulfite in the biological process of dissimilatory sulfate reduction, which is carried out by a ubiquitous group of sulfate reducing prokaryotes. The electron donor for AprAB has not been clearly identified, but was proposed to be the QmoABC membrane complex, sin...

In this research at the first, xylometazoline hydrochloride drug (XY) and its fullerene connected form (FXY) were optimized. Natural Bond Orbital (NBO) calculations for these compounds were carried out at the B3LYP/6-31G* quantum chemistry level, in the gas phase and the liquid phase. These calculations can be performed at different accuracy levels depending on the aim of the theoretical study....

The trapping of electrons by grain boundaries in semiconducting and insulating materials is important for a wide range of physical problems, for example, relating to: electroceramic materials with applications as sensors, varistors and fuel cells, reliability issues for solar cell and semiconductor technologies and electromagnetic seismic phenomena in the Earth's crust. Surprisingly, considerin...

This work focuses on two issues crucial to achieving high throughput with a negative electron affinity semiconductor photocathode source. Monte Carlo simulations indicate that for a 50 kV system, as much as 8 mA of current may be delivered to the wafer to achieve a raw throughput of 20 8 in. wafers per hour with 0.1 mm minimum feature size ~assuming a resist sensitivity of 10 mC/cm!. In order t...