1 INTRODUCTION I wish to begin with a crucial introductory point. According to all of the models commonly in use at central banks and international financial institutions, this crisis was not supposed to happen. Indeed, it could not happen. Modern macro models such as the New Classical, New Keynesian, and DSGE models rule out extended economic disequilibria by assumption. More traditional struc...

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have aroused intense interest owing to their easy fabrication, low cost, simple preparation procedures and high energy conversion efficiency. Considering the fact that leakage and volatilization of liquid electrolytes hinder their practical applications in the case of DSSCs, polymer electrolytes with high ionic conductivity, excellent thermal and long-term sta...