BACKGROUND The standard lead configuration for internal atrial defibrillation consists of a shock between electrodes in the right atrial appendage (RAA) and coronary sinus (CS). We tested the hypothesis that the atrial defibrillation threshold (ADFT) of this RAA-->CS configuration would be lowered with use of an additional electrode at the atrial septum (SP). METHODS AND RESULTS Sustained atr...

This study examines patterns of auditory cortical activity elicited by single-pulse cochlear implant stimuli that vary in electrode configuration, cochlear place of stimulation, and stimulus level. Recordings were made from the primary auditory cortex (area A1) of ketamine-anesthetized guinea pigs. The spatiotemporal pattern of neural spike activity was measured simultaneously across 16 cortica...

The electron transfer (ET) kinetics of three redox couples in aqueous solution, IrCl6(2-/3-), Ru(NH3)6(3+/2+) and Fe(CN)6(4-/3-), on different grades of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) have been investigated in a droplet-cell setup. This simple configuration allows measurements to be made on a very short time scale after cleavage of HOPG, so as to minimise possible effects from (atmos...

BACKGROUND There have been many studies that utilize the bio-impedance measurement method to analyze the movements of the upper and lower limbs. A fixed electrical current flows into the limbs through four standard disposable electrodes in this method. The current flows in the muscles and blood vessels, which have relatively low resistivity levels in the human body. This method is used to measu...

For nanoparticle synthesis in a spark discharge, the influence of degree electrode asymmetry rod-to-rod configuration, using example silver electrodes, on energy efficiency and composition is studied. The was determined by angle between electrodes’ end faces. Two types discharge current pulses were used: oscillation-damped unipolar, which electrodes changed their polarities had constant polarit...

High-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) has recently been developed as a noninvasive brain stimulation approach that increases the accuracy of current delivery to the brain by using arrays of smaller "high-definition" electrodes, instead of the larger pad-electrodes of conventional tDCS. Targeting is achieved by energizing electrodes placed in predetermined configurati...

This paper investigates the low-frequency response of a multi-stage bioelectric amplifier intended for use in the measurement of the electrocardiogram (ECG) using dry contact electrodes. These electrodes have an impedance which is typically an order of magnitude greater than that of the standard disposable self-adhesive electrodes used in clinical ECG recording. The design was undertaken with t...

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are the preferred energy storage devices for portable electronics and electric vehicles due to the long cycle life and high energy density [1]. The development of new electrodes for next-generation batteries requires better understanding how electrodes function by realtime tracking the electrochemical reactions in individual particles and the collective behavior of ...