In statistics, samples are drawn from a population in data-generating process (DGP). Standard errors measure the uncertainty sample estimates of parameters. science, evidence is generated to test hypotheses an evidence-generating (EGP). We claim that EGP variation across researchers adds uncertainty: non-standard errors. To study them, we let 164 teams six on same sample. find sizeable, par wit...

Let A be an idempotent algebra on a finite domain. We combine results of Chen [6] and Zhuk [10] to argue that if Inv(A) satisfies the polynomially generated powers property (PGP), then QCSP(Inv(A)) is in NP. We then use the result of Zhuk to prove a converse, that if Inv(A) satisfies the exponentially generated powers property (EGP), then QCSP(Inv(A)) is co-NP-hard. Since Zhuk proved that only ...

OBJECTIVE To assess glucose-lowering mechanisms of sitagliptin (S), metformin (M), and the two combined (M+S). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We randomized 16 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) to four 6-week treatments with placebo (P), M, S, and M+S. After each period, subjects received a 6-h meal tolerance test (MTT) with [(14)C]glucose to calculate glucose kinetics. Fasting plasma...

To determine the effect of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) on glucose metabolism in cirrhosis, a 2-h euglycemic clamp with IGF-I (0.65 nmol ⋅ kg-1 ⋅ min-1) or insulin (12 pmol ⋅ kg-1 ⋅ min-1) was performed in awake rats with carbon tetrachloride-induced liver cirrhosis. Rates of [3-3H]glucose-determined whole body glucose turnover were similar in the fasting state in cirrhotic and control ...

The hyperglycemic effects of epinephrine (Epi) are established; however, the modulation of Epi-stimulated endogenous glucose production (EGP) by glucose and insulin in vivo in humans is less clear. Our aim was to determine the effect of exogenously increased plasma Epi concentrations on insulin and glucose dynamics. In six normal control subjects, we used the labeled intravenous glucose toleran...

In this work, a novel insulin-glucagon-glucose model is proposed, where the glucagon effect on endogenous glucose production (EGP) described by dynamics of receptors. order to assess quality model, its parameters are fitted in such way that influence EGP isolated. Experimental data used validate structure and show receptor allow explain some glucagon-related phenomena observed clinical data. Th...

Effect of stimulation of glucokinase (GK) export from the nucleus by small amounts of sorbitol on hepatic glucose flux in response to elevated plasma glucose was examined in 6-h fasted Zucker diabetic fatty rats at 10 weeks of age. Under basal conditions, plasma glucose, insulin and glucagon were ~8 mM, 2000 pmol/l, and 60 ng/l, respectively. Endogenous glucose production (EGP) was 44 ± 4 μmol⋅...

Objective The liver reacts to hypoglycemia by increasing its glucose output. This response is assumed to depend both on glucose sensing at the liver and the brain, as well as efferent impulses from the brain to the liver. We tested the importance of this signaling pathway by studying the hepatic response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia in hepatic complete denervated pigs. Materials/methods Tw...

Numerous studies have used the dual-tracer method to assess postprandial glucose metabolism. The present experiments were undertaken to determine whether the marked tracer nonsteady state that occurs with the dual-tracer approach after food ingestion introduces error when it is used to simultaneously measure both meal glucose appearance (R(a meal)) and endogenous glucose production (EGP). To do...