Nowadays, the substitute for biofuel diesel fuel is biodiesel. Waste cooking oil has potential as a biodiesel feedstock due to its environmentally friendly, inexpensive, reduces household waste and does not compete with food needs. Generally, catalyst used in homogeneous but disadvantages. One effort that can be done use CaO from eggshell waste. Eggshells contain 95,28% CaCO3 which calcined pro...

Calcium, an important mineral in bones, is widely available the form of calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) eggshells. However, tonnes eggshells have been wasted every year all around globe. The current work was aimed at valorizing eggshell waste and incorporating it as alternative Ca source for deficient people. Soup mixes (named 1-5) were formulated by varying ratio starch (4-12 g) vegetables (2-10 alo...

According to the structural‐function hypothesis, eggshell pigment protoporphyrin, deposited at weak spots, can strengthen shell structure when calcium is lacking in avian species. However, this hypothesis has not been tested species that produce pigmented eggs of uniform ground colour without spotting patterns. We using 435 produced on seven diets (0.2–4.5%) given Common Pheasants Phasianus col...

Avian eggs are at risk of microbial infection prior to and during incubation. A large number of defence mechanisms have evolved in response to the severe costs imposed by these infections. The eggshell's cuticle is an important component of antimicrobial defence, and its role in preventing contamination by microorganisms in domestic chickens is well known. Nanometer-scale cuticular spheres that...